path: root/static/freebsd/man7/hier.7 3.html

<table class="head">
  <tr>
    <td class="head-ltitle">HIER(7)</td>
    <td class="head-vol">Miscellaneous Information Manual</td>
    <td class="head-rtitle">HIER(7)</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<div class="manual-text">
<section class="Sh">
<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">hier</code> &#x2014; <span class="Nd">index of
    <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> file system hierarchy</span></p>
</section>
<section class="Sh">
<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
<dl class="Bl-tag">
  <dt><span class="Pa">/</span></dt>
  <dd>root directory of the file system</dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/COPYRIGHT</span></dt>
  <dd><span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> copyright information</dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/bin/</span></dt>
  <dd>fundamental <span class="Ux">BSD</span> user utilities; see
      <a class="Xr">intro(1)</a></dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/boot/</span></dt>
  <dd>programs and configurations used during <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span>
      <a class="Xr">boot(8)</a>
    <p class="Pp"></p>
    <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
      <dt><span class="Pa">defaults/</span></dt>
      <dd>default boot configuration files; see
        <a class="Xr">loader.conf(5)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">device.hints</span></dt>
      <dd>kernel variables for controlling drivers; see
          <a class="Xr">device.hints(5)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">dtb/</span></dt>
      <dd>compiled flattened device tree (FDT) files; see
          <a class="Xr">fdt(4)</a> and <a class="Xr">dtc(1)</a>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">overlays/</span></dt>
          <dd>compiled <a class="Xr">fdt(4)</a> overlays; see
              <var class="Va">fdt_overlays</var> in
              <a class="Xr">loader.conf(5)</a></dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">efi/</span></dt>
      <dd>the <a class="Xr">uefi(8)</a> EFI System Partition (ESP) mount
        point</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">firmware/</span></dt>
      <dd>loadable binary firmware kernel modules</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">fonts/</span></dt>
      <dd>binary bitmap console fonts; see <a class="Xr">loader.conf(5)</a> and
          <a class="Xr">vtfontcvt(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">images/</span></dt>
      <dd>beastie boot menu images; see <a class="Xr">loader_lua(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">kernel/</span></dt>
      <dd><span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> kernel and modules; see
          <a class="Xr">kldstat(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">kernel.old/</span></dt>
      <dd>alternative kernel and modules</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">loader.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>boot loader configuration; see <a class="Xr">loader.conf(5)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">loader.conf.d/</span></dt>
      <dd><a class="Xr">loader.conf(5)</a> configuration files</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">lua/</span></dt>
      <dd>scripts for the Lua boot loader; see
        <a class="Xr">loader_lua(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">modules/</span></dt>
      <dd>third-party loadable kernel modules, such as those installed with
          <a class="Xr">pkg(8)</a> or from <a class="Xr">ports(7)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">zfs/</span></dt>
      <dd>ZFS <a class="Xr">zpool(8)</a> cache files</dd>
    </dl>
  </dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/compat/</span></dt>
  <dd>files supporting binary compatibility with other operating systems
    <p class="Pp"></p>
    <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
      <dt><span class="Pa">linux/</span></dt>
      <dd>default location for <a class="Xr">linux(4)</a> compatibility
        run-time</dd>
    </dl>
  </dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/dev/</span></dt>
  <dd>device nodes and special files; see <a class="Xr">intro(4)</a> and
      <a class="Xr">devfs(4)</a>
    <p class="Pp"></p>
    <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
      <dt><span class="Pa">ada0</span></dt>
      <dd>first ATA storage device</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">ada0p1</span></dt>
      <dd>first partition on ada0</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">cd0</span></dt>
      <dd>first optical drive</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">cuaU0</span></dt>
      <dd>first USB serial port; see <a class="Xr">cu(1)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">da0</span></dt>
      <dd>first SCSI storage device</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">da0s1</span></dt>
      <dd>first partition on da0</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">dri/</span></dt>
      <dd>GPU character device nodes; see <a class="Xr">drm(7)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">drm/</span></dt>
      <dd>GPU <a class="Xr">drm(7)</a> special files</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">fd/</span></dt>
      <dd>file descriptor files; see <a class="Xr">fd(4)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">fd0</span></dt>
      <dd>first floppy drive</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">gpt/</span></dt>
      <dd>storage partitions by GPT label</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">mmcsd0</span></dt>
      <dd>first SD storage device</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">mmcsd0s1</span></dt>
      <dd>first partition on mmcsd0</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">nda0</span></dt>
      <dd>first NVMe storage device attached via <a class="Xr">cam(3)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">null</span></dt>
      <dd>infinite loop that accepts anything and contains nothing</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">nvd0</span></dt>
      <dd>first NVMe storage device using NVMe namespaces</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">pts/</span></dt>
      <dd>pseudo-terminals; see <a class="Xr">pts(4)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">random</span></dt>
      <dd>source of weak randomness; see <a class="Xr">random(4)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">sa0</span></dt>
      <dd>first tape drive</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">usb/</span></dt>
      <dd>USB busses</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">vmm/</span></dt>
      <dd>active <a class="Xr">bhyve(8)</a> virtual machines</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">zvol/</span></dt>
      <dd><a class="Xr">zfs(8)</a> volumes</dd>
    </dl>
  </dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/entropy</span></dt>
  <dd>provides initial state to RNG; see <a class="Xr">save-entropy(8)</a></dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/etc/</span></dt>
  <dd>base system configuration files and scripts; see
      <a class="Xr">intro(5)</a>
    <p class="Pp"></p>
    <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
      <dt><span class="Pa">auto_master</span></dt>
      <dd>autofs <a class="Xr">automount(8)</a> configuration</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">bluetooth/</span></dt>
      <dd>bluetooth configuration files</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">cron.d/</span></dt>
      <dd>tables for driving scheduled tasks; see
        <a class="Xr">crontab(5)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">crontab</span></dt>
      <dd>root's cron table</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">defaults/</span></dt>
      <dd>default system configuration files; see <a class="Xr">rc(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">devd/</span></dt>
      <dd>configuration for <a class="Xr">devd(8)</a>, the device state change
          daemon</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">devfs.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>boot time device configuration</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">dma/</span></dt>
      <dd>configuration for <a class="Xr">dma(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">freebsd-update.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>configuration for the base system updater; see
          <a class="Xr">freebsd-update(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">fstab</span></dt>
      <dd>static filesystem configuration; see <a class="Xr">fstab(5)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">hosts</span></dt>
      <dd>database of local hosts if no network name server is running</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">inetd.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>configuration for <span class="Ux">BSD</span> heritage internet
          servers; see <a class="Xr">inetd(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">localtime</span></dt>
      <dd>local timezone information; see <a class="Xr">ctime(3)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">jail.conf.d/</span></dt>
      <dd><a class="Xr">jail(8)</a> startup scripts</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">login.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>login class capability database; see
        <a class="Xr">login.conf(5)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">machine-id</span></dt>
      <dd>defines the UUID for the local system, required for dbus</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">mail/</span></dt>
      <dd><a class="Xr">sendmail(8)</a> control files
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">aliases</span></dt>
          <dd>addresses to deliver system mail</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">mailer.conf</span></dt>
          <dd><a class="Xr">mailwrapper(8)</a> configuration</dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">motd.template</span></dt>
      <dd>message displayed upon tty login; see <a class="Xr">motd(5)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">mtree/</span></dt>
      <dd>system mapper specification; see <a class="Xr">mtree(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">newsyslog.conf.d/</span></dt>
      <dd>log rotation configuration files.</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">ntp/</span></dt>
      <dd>stored time for the Network Time Protocol</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">ntp.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>configuration for the NTP client, <a class="Xr">ntpd(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">pam.d/</span></dt>
      <dd>configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
          library; see <a class="Xr">pam(3)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">periodic/</span></dt>
      <dd>scripts that are run daily, weekly, or monthly by
          <a class="Xr">cron(8)</a>; see <a class="Xr">periodic(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">pf.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>configuration for the Packet Filter firewall; see
          <a class="Xr">pf(4)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">pkg/</span></dt>
      <dd>default configuration for the package manager,
          <a class="Xr">pkg(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">ppp/</span></dt>
      <dd>PPP configuration files; see <a class="Xr">ppp(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">rc.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>system and daemon configuration; see <a class="Xr">rc.conf(5)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">rc.d/</span></dt>
      <dd>system and daemon startup/control scripts; see
        <a class="Xr">rc(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">resolv.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>DNS configuration; see <a class="Xr">resolv.conf(5)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">resolvconf.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>DNS configuration manager configuration, often generated by
          local-unbound; see <a class="Xr">local-unbound(8)</a> or
          <a class="Xr">resolvconf(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">security/</span></dt>
      <dd>OpenBSM audit configuration files; see <a class="Xr">audit(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">ssh/</span></dt>
      <dd>OpenSSH configuration files; see <a class="Xr">ssh(1)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">ssl/</span></dt>
      <dd>OpenSSL configuration files
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">cert.pem</span></dt>
          <dd>System trust store in bundle form; see
              <a class="Xr">certctl(8)</a>.</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">certs/</span></dt>
          <dd>System trust store in OpenSSL hashed-directory form; see
              <a class="Xr">certctl(8)</a>.</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">openssl.cnf</span></dt>
          <dd>OpenSSL configuration file; see
            <a class="Xr">openssl.cnf(5)</a>.</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">untrusted/</span></dt>
          <dd>Explicitly distrusted certificates; see
              <a class="Xr">certctl(8)</a>.</dd>
        </dl>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">sysctl.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>kernel state defaults; see <a class="Xr">sysctl.conf(5)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">syslog.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>system message log configuration</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">ttys</span></dt>
      <dd>tty creation configuration; see <a class="Xr">getty(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">wpa_supplicant.conf</span></dt>
      <dd>client wifi configuration; see
          <a class="Xr">wpa_supplicant.conf(5)</a></dd>
    </dl>
  </dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/home/</span></dt>
  <dd>home directories for users; the typical home for an interactive user
      <var class="Va">beastie</var> would be
      <span class="Pa">/home/beastie/</span></dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/lib/</span></dt>
  <dd>system libraries critical to binaries in <span class="Pa">/bin</span> and
      <span class="Pa">/sbin</span>
    <p class="Pp"></p>
    <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
      <dt><span class="Pa">geom/</span></dt>
      <dd>class-specific libraries for the <a class="Xr">geom(8)</a>
        utility</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">nvmecontrol/</span></dt>
      <dd>vendor-specific libraries to extend the
          <a class="Xr">nvmecontrol(8)</a> utility</dd>
    </dl>
  </dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/libexec/</span></dt>
  <dd>system utilities critical to binaries in <span class="Pa">/bin</span> and
      <span class="Pa">/sbin</span></dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/media/</span></dt>
  <dd>mount points for removable storage media such as CDs, DVDs, and USB
      drives; see <a class="Xr">automount(8)</a>, or
      <a class="Xr">bsdisks(8)</a> if a using a desktop environment from
      <a class="Xr">ports(7)</a></dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/mnt/</span></dt>
  <dd>empty directory commonly used by system administrators as a temporary
      mount point</dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/net/</span></dt>
  <dd>automounted NFS shares; see <a class="Xr">auto_master(5)</a></dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/nonexistent/</span></dt>
  <dd>a non-existent directory; by convention, it serves as a home directory for
      user accounts that need no home directory; see also
      <span class="Pa">/var/empty/</span></dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/proc/</span></dt>
  <dd>process file system; see <a class="Xr">procfs(4)</a></dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/rescue/</span></dt>
  <dd>statically linked programs for emergency recovery; see
      <a class="Xr">rescue(8)</a></dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/root/</span></dt>
  <dd>home directory of the root user</dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/sbin/</span></dt>
  <dd>fundamental <span class="Ux">BSD</span> system administration utilities;
      see <a class="Xr">intro(8)</a></dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/tmp/</span></dt>
  <dd>temporary files commonly removed between system reboots; see
      <var class="Va">clear_tmp_enable</var> in
    <a class="Xr">rc.conf(5)</a></dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/usr/</span></dt>
  <dd>contains the majority of user utilities and applications
    <p class="Pp"></p>
    <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
      <dt><span class="Pa">bin/</span></dt>
      <dd>common utilities, programming tools, and applications; see
          <a class="Xr">intro(1)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">freebsd-dist/</span></dt>
      <dd>distribution files (like base.txz); see <a class="Xr">release(7)</a>
          and <a class="Xr">bsdinstall(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">include/</span></dt>
      <dd>standard C include header files</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">lib/</span></dt>
      <dd>shared and <a class="Xr">ar(1)</a>-type libraries; see
          <a class="Xr">intro(3)</a>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">clang/</span></dt>
          <dd>shared libraries for the system compiler,
              <a class="Xr">clang(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">compat/</span></dt>
          <dd>shared libraries for compatibility</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">debug/</span></dt>
          <dd>standalone debug data for the kernel and base system libraries and
              binaries</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">dtrace/</span></dt>
          <dd><a class="Xr">dtrace(1)</a> library scripts</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">engines/</span></dt>
          <dd>OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable
            engines</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">flua/</span></dt>
          <dd><span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> Lua shared libraries</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">i18n/</span></dt>
          <dd>shared libraries for internationalization</dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">lib32/</span></dt>
      <dd>32-bit compatibility libraries</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">libdata/</span></dt>
      <dd>miscellaneous utility data files
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">ldscripts/</span></dt>
          <dd>linker scripts; see <a class="Xr">ld(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">pkgconfig/</span></dt>
          <dd>collections of compiler and linker flags for the
              <a class="Xr">pkgconf(1)</a> development tool</dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">libexec/</span></dt>
      <dd>system daemons and utilities executed by programs
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">bsdconfig/</span></dt>
          <dd>utilities called by the ncurses <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span>
              configuration wizard</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">bsdinstall/</span></dt>
          <dd>utilities for <a class="Xr">bsdinstall(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">dwatch/</span></dt>
          <dd>profiles for <a class="Xr">dwatch(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">fwget/</span></dt>
          <dd>utilities called by <a class="Xr">fwget(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">hyperv/</span></dt>
          <dd>scripts for communicating with the Hyper-V hypervisor</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">lpr/</span></dt>
          <dd>utilities and filters for the line printer system; see
              <a class="Xr">lpr(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">sendmail/</span></dt>
          <dd>the <a class="Xr">sendmail(8)</a> binary; see
              <a class="Xr">mailwrapper(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">sm.bin/</span></dt>
          <dd>restricted shell for <a class="Xr">sendmail(8)</a>; see
              <a class="Xr">smrsh(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">zfs/</span></dt>
          <dd>Z file system utilities</dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">local/</span></dt>
      <dd>local executables, libraries, etc, installed by
          <a class="Xr">pkg(7)</a> or <a class="Xr">ports(7)</a>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">bin/</span></dt>
          <dd>local user utilities, see <a class="Xr">intro(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">etc/</span></dt>
          <dd>local program configurations</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">include/</span></dt>
          <dd>local library headers</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">lib/</span></dt>
          <dd>local libraries</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">lib32/</span></dt>
          <dd>local 32-bit compatibility libraries</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">libdata/</span></dt>
          <dd>local utility data files</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">libexec/</span></dt>
          <dd>utilities executed by local utilities</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">sbin/</span></dt>
          <dd>local administration utilities</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">share/</span></dt>
          <dd>local architecture-independent files</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">share/doc/</span></dt>
          <dd>local documentation</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">share/doc/freebsd/</span></dt>
          <dd>articles, books, FAQ, and handbooks available from the
              <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> project</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">share/man/</span></dt>
          <dd>local manual pages; see <a class="Xr">man(1)</a></dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">obj/</span></dt>
      <dd>architecture-specific target tree produced by building
          <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> from source; see
          <a class="Xr">build(7)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">ports/</span></dt>
      <dd><span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> ports collection; see
          <a class="Xr">ports(7)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">sbin/</span></dt>
      <dd>system daemons and utilities meant for user execution; see
          <a class="Xr">intro(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">share/</span></dt>
      <dd>architecture-independent files
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">atf/</span></dt>
          <dd>scripts for the Automated Testing Framework; see
              <a class="Xr">ATF(7)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">bhyve/</span></dt>
          <dd><a class="Xr">bhyve(8)</a> keyboard mappings</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">calendar/</span></dt>
          <dd>system-wide calendar files; see <a class="Xr">calendar(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">certs/</span></dt>
          <dd>TLS certificates for <a class="Xr">openssl(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">dict/</span></dt>
          <dd>word lists; see <a class="Xr">look(1)</a>
            <p class="Pp"></p>
            <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
              <dt><span class="Pa">freebsd</span></dt>
              <dd><span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span>-specific terms, proper names,
                  and jargon</dd>
              <dt><span class="Pa">web2</span></dt>
              <dd>words from Webster's Second International</dd>
            </dl>
            <p class="Pp"></p>
          </dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">doc/</span></dt>
          <dd>miscellaneous documentation</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">dtrace/</span></dt>
          <dd>scripts for the Dynamic Tracing Compiler; see
              <a class="Xr">dtrace(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">examples/</span></dt>
          <dd>various examples for users and programmers</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">firmware/</span></dt>
          <dd>firmware images loaded by userland programs</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">games/</span></dt>
          <dd>ASCII text files used by <span class="Ux">BSD</span> heritage
              games, see <a class="Xr">intro(6)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">keys/</span></dt>
          <dd>known trusted and revoked keys
            <p class="Pp"></p>
            <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
              <dt><span class="Pa">pkg/</span></dt>
              <dd>fingerprints for <a class="Xr">pkg(7)</a> and
                  <a class="Xr">pkg(8)</a></dd>
            </dl>
            <p class="Pp"></p>
          </dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">locale/</span></dt>
          <dd>localization files; see <a class="Xr">setlocale(3)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">man/</span></dt>
          <dd>system manual pages; see <a class="Xr">man(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">misc/</span></dt>
          <dd>miscellaneous system-wide files
            <p class="Pp"></p>
            <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
              <dt><span class="Pa">ascii</span></dt>
              <dd>chart of the ASCII codepoints</dd>
              <dt><span class="Pa">flowers</span></dt>
              <dd>the meanings of flowers</dd>
              <dt><span class="Pa">magic</span></dt>
              <dd>magic numbers used by <a class="Xr">file(1)</a></dd>
              <dt><span class="Pa">termcap</span></dt>
              <dd>terminal characteristics database; see
                  <a class="Xr">termcap(5)</a></dd>
            </dl>
            <p class="Pp"></p>
          </dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">mk/</span></dt>
          <dd>templates for make; see <a class="Xr">make(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">nls/</span></dt>
          <dd>national language support files</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">security/</span></dt>
          <dd>data files for security policies such as
              <a class="Xr">mac_lomac(4)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">sendmail/</span></dt>
          <dd><a class="Xr">sendmail(8)</a> configuration files</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">skel/</span></dt>
          <dd>example <span class="Pa">.</span> (dot) files for new
            accounts</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">snmp/</span></dt>
          <dd>MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon
            <p class="Pp"></p>
            <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
              <dt><span class="Pa">defs/</span></dt>
              <dd>tree definition files for use with
                  <a class="Xr">gensnmptree(1)</a></dd>
              <dt><span class="Pa">mibs/</span></dt>
              <dd>management Information Base (MIB) files</dd>
            </dl>
            <p class="Pp"></p>
          </dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">syscons/</span></dt>
          <dd><a class="Xr">syscons(4)</a> files
            <p class="Pp"></p>
            <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
              <dt><span class="Pa">fonts/</span></dt>
              <dd>console fonts; see <a class="Xr">vidcontrol(1)</a> and
                  <a class="Xr">vidfont(1)</a></dd>
              <dt><span class="Pa">keymaps/</span></dt>
              <dd>console keyboard maps; see <a class="Xr">kbdcontrol(1)</a> and
                  <a class="Xr">kbdmap(1)</a></dd>
              <dt><span class="Pa">scrnmaps/</span></dt>
              <dd>console screen maps</dd>
            </dl>
            <p class="Pp"></p>
          </dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">sysroot/</span></dt>
          <dd>files necessary for the -sysroot compiler/linker argument to build
              non-native binaries
            <p class="Pp"></p>
            <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
              <dt><span class="Pa">VERSION/</span></dt>
              <dd>files for <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> release VERSION; by
                  convention, &#x201C;VERSION&#x201D; matches
                  <a class="Xr">uname(1)</a> <code class="Fl">-r</code></dd>
              <dt><span class="Pa">VERSION/MACHINE.MACHINE_ARCH/</span></dt>
              <dd>represent the binary ABI for these files;
                  &#x201C;MACHINE&#x201D; matches <a class="Xr">uname(1)</a>
                  <code class="Fl">-m</code>; &#x201C;MACHINE_ARCH&#x201D;
                  matches <a class="Xr">uname(1)</a>
                <code class="Fl">-p</code></dd>
            </dl>
            <p class="Pp"></p>
          </dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">tabset/</span></dt>
          <dd>tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in the
              termcap file; see <a class="Xr">termcap(5)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">vi/</span></dt>
          <dd>localization support and utilities for the <a class="Xr">vi(1)</a>
              editor</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">vt/</span></dt>
          <dd>files used by the system console; see <a class="Xr">vt(4)</a>
            <p class="Pp"></p>
            <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
              <dt><span class="Pa">fonts/</span></dt>
              <dd>console fonts; see <a class="Xr">vidcontrol(1)</a>,
                  <a class="Xr">vidfont(1)</a>, and
                  <a class="Xr">vtfontcvt(8)</a></dd>
              <dt><span class="Pa">keymaps/</span></dt>
              <dd>console keyboard maps; see <a class="Xr">kbdcontrol(1)</a> and
                  <a class="Xr">kbdmap(1)</a></dd>
            </dl>
            <p class="Pp"></p>
          </dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">zoneinfo/</span></dt>
          <dd>timezone configuration information; see
              <a class="Xr">tzfile(5)</a></dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">src/</span></dt>
      <dd><span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> source code; see
          <a class="Xr">development(7)</a>; the layout of the source tree is
          described by the top-level <span class="Pa">README.md</span> file
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">tests/</span></dt>
      <dd>the <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> test suite; see
          <a class="Xr">tests(7)</a></dd>
    </dl>
  </dd>
  <dt><span class="Pa">/var/</span></dt>
  <dd>log, temporary, transient, and spool files
    <p class="Pp"></p>
    <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
      <dt><span class="Pa">account/</span></dt>
      <dd>system accounting files
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">acct</span></dt>
          <dd>execution accounting file; see <a class="Xr">acct(5)</a></dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">at/</span></dt>
      <dd>timed command scheduling files; see <a class="Xr">at(1)</a>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">jobs/</span></dt>
          <dd>job files</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">spool/</span></dt>
          <dd>output spool files</dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">audit/</span></dt>
      <dd>security event audit trail files; see <a class="Xr">audit(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">authpf/</span></dt>
      <dd>user shell sessions for authenticating gateways; see
          <a class="Xr">authpf(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">backups/</span></dt>
      <dd>critical system configuration backups</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">cache/</span></dt>
      <dd>miscellaneous cache files
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">pkg/</span></dt>
          <dd>cached packages for <a class="Xr">pkg(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">cups/</span></dt>
          <dd>cached printers for the Common Unix Prinitng system; see
              <a class="Xr">cups(1)</a></dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">crash/</span></dt>
      <dd>default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
          <a class="Xr">crash(8)</a> and <a class="Xr">savecore(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">cron/</span></dt>
      <dd>files used by cron; see <a class="Xr">cron(8)</a>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">tabs/</span></dt>
          <dd>crontab files; see <a class="Xr">crontab(5)</a></dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">db/</span></dt>
      <dd>autogenerated system-specific database files
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">etcupdate/</span></dt>
          <dd>temporary files and log for <a class="Xr">etcupdate(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">freebsd-update/</span></dt>
          <dd>downloads and temporary files for
              <a class="Xr">freebsd-update(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">pkg/</span></dt>
          <dd>package database</dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">empty/</span></dt>
      <dd>for use by programs that require an empty directory, used for instance
          by <a class="Xr">sshd(8)</a> for privilege separation</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">games/</span></dt>
      <dd>status and score files for <span class="Ux">BSD</span> heritage
        games</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">heimdal/</span></dt>
      <dd>Kerberos server databases; see <a class="Xr">kdc(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">lib/</span></dt>
      <dd>state information for ported Linux applications</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">log/</span></dt>
      <dd>system log files
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">Xorg.0.log</span></dt>
          <dd><a class="Xr">Xserver(1)</a> log, if <a class="Xr">X(7)</a> is
              installed rotates to <span class="Pa">Xorg.0.log.old</span></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">aculog</span></dt>
          <dd>serial line access log; see <a class="Xr">cu(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">auth.log</span></dt>
          <dd>system authentication log</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">bsdinstall_log</span></dt>
          <dd>system installation log</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">cron</span></dt>
          <dd>scheduled task log; see <a class="Xr">cron(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">cups/</span></dt>
          <dd>logs for <a class="Xr">cups(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">daemon.log</span></dt>
          <dd>default log for system daemons</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">devd.log</span></dt>
          <dd>default log for device state change daemon</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">dmesg.today</span></dt>
          <dd>kernel message buffer log, rotates to
              <span class="Pa">dmesg.yesterday</span></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">debug.log</span></dt>
          <dd>undiscarded debug syslog messages</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">lpd-errs</span></dt>
          <dd>logs for the line printer spooler daemon; see
              <a class="Xr">lpd(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">maillog</span></dt>
          <dd><a class="Xr">sendmail(8)</a> log, rotates and compresses to
              maillog.0.bz2</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">messages</span></dt>
          <dd>general system message log; see <a class="Xr">syslogd(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">mount.today</span></dt>
          <dd>currently loaded <a class="Xr">fstab(5)</a>, rotates to
              <span class="Pa">mount.yesterday</span></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">pf.today</span></dt>
          <dd>packet filter firewall log; see <a class="Xr">pf(4)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">pflog</span></dt>
          <dd>saved packets caught by <a class="Xr">pflogd(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">ppp.log</span></dt>
          <dd>see <a class="Xr">ppp(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">security</span></dt>
          <dd>transcript of events marked with the security flag</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">setuid.today</span></dt>
          <dd>listing of executable files which run with elevated permissions,
              rotates to <span class="Pa">setuid.yesterday</span></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">userlog</span></dt>
          <dd>logs changes in users or groups</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">utx.lastlogin</span></dt>
          <dd>last login log; see <a class="Xr">getutxent(3)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">utx.log</span></dt>
          <dd>login/logout log; see <a class="Xr">getutxent(3)</a></dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">mail/</span></dt>
      <dd>user mailbox files</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">msgs/</span></dt>
      <dd>system messages database; see <a class="Xr">msgs(1)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">preserve/</span></dt>
      <dd>unused, present for historical reasons</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">quotas/</span></dt>
      <dd>UFS quota information files</dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">run/</span></dt>
      <dd>files containing information about the operating system since it was
          booted
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">bhyve/</span></dt>
          <dd><a class="Xr">bhyve(8)</a> virtual machine
              <a class="Xr">unix(4)</a>-domain sockets</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">ppp/</span></dt>
          <dd>writable by the &#x201C;network&#x201D; group for command
              connection sockets; see <a class="Xr">ppp(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">utx.active</span></dt>
          <dd>database of current users; see <a class="Xr">getutxent(3)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">wpa_supplicant/</span></dt>
          <dd>IEEE Std. 802.11 wifi run time files</dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">rwho/</span></dt>
      <dd>information about other systems on the local network; see
          <a class="Xr">rwhod(8)</a>, <a class="Xr">rwho(1)</a>, and
          <a class="Xr">ruptime(1)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">spool/</span></dt>
      <dd>printer and mail system spooling directories
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">clientmqueue/</span></dt>
          <dd>undelivered submission mail queue; see
              <a class="Xr">sendmail(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">cups/</span></dt>
          <dd>print jobs and temporary files for <a class="Xr">cups(1)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">dma/</span></dt>
          <dd>undelivered mail queue for <span class="Ux">DragonFly</span> Mail
              Agent; see <a class="Xr">dma(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">lock/</span></dt>
          <dd>serial device locks; see <a class="Xr">uucplock(3)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">lpd/</span></dt>
          <dd>line printer spooler daemon spool</dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">mqueue/</span></dt>
          <dd>undelivered mail queue for <a class="Xr">sendmail(8)</a></dd>
          <dt><span class="Pa">output/</span></dt>
          <dd>line printer spooling directories</dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">tmp/</span></dt>
      <dd>temporary files not removed between system reboots
        <p class="Pp"></p>
        <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
          <dt><span class="Pa">vi.recover/</span></dt>
          <dd>recovery files for the <a class="Xr">vi(1)</a> editor</dd>
        </dl>
        <p class="Pp"></p>
      </dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">unbound/</span></dt>
      <dd>files and configuration for <a class="Xr">unbound(8)</a></dd>
      <dt><span class="Pa">yp/</span></dt>
      <dd>the NIS maps; see <a class="Xr">yp(8)</a></dd>
    </dl>
  </dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section class="Sh">
<h1 class="Sh" id="NOTES"><a class="permalink" href="#NOTES">NOTES</a></h1>
<p class="Pp">This manual page documents the default
    <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> file system layout. The actual hierarchy on
    a given system is defined at the system administrator's discretion. A
    well-maintained installation will include a customized version of this
    document.</p>
</section>
<section class="Sh">
<h1 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
  ALSO</a></h1>
<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr">apropos(1)</a>, <a class="Xr">find(1)</a>,
    <a class="Xr">grep(1)</a>, <a class="Xr">ls(1)</a>,
    <a class="Xr">whereis(1)</a>, <a class="Xr">which(1)</a></p>
</section>
<section class="Sh">
<h1 class="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="permalink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h1>
<p class="Pp">A <code class="Nm">hier</code> manual page first appeared in 1979
    with <span class="Ux">Version&#x00A0;7 AT&amp;T UNIX</span>.</p>
</section>
</div>
<table class="foot">
  <tr>
    <td class="foot-date">September 25, 2025</td>
    <td class="foot-os">FreeBSD 15.0</td>
  </tr>
</table>