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<table class="head">
<tr>
<td class="head-ltitle">KEYBOARD(4)</td>
<td class="head-vol">Device Drivers Manual</td>
<td class="head-rtitle">KEYBOARD(4)</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="manual-text">
<section class="Sh">
<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">keyboard</code> — <span class="Nd">pc
keyboard interface</span></p>
</section>
<section class="Sh">
<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
<p class="Pp">The PC keyboard is used as the console character input device. The
keyboard is owned by the current virtual console. To switch between the
virtual consoles use the sequence <var class="Ar">ALT+Fn</var>, which means
hold down ALT and press one of the function keys. The virtual console with
the same number as the function key is then selected as the current virtual
console and given exclusive use of the keyboard and display.</p>
<p class="Pp">The console allows entering values that are not physically present
on the keyboard via a special keysequence. To use this facility press and
hold down ALT, then enter a decimal number from 0-255 via the numerical
keypad, then release ALT. The entered value is then used as the ASCII value
for one character. This way it is possible to enter any ASCII value, not
present on the keyboard. The console driver also includes a history
function. It is activated by pressing the scroll-lock key. This holds the
display, and enables the cursor arrows for scrolling up and down through the
last scrolled out lines.</p>
<p class="Pp">The keyboard is configurable to suit the individual user and the
different national layout.</p>
<p class="Pp">The keys on the keyboard can have any of the following
functions:</p>
<p class="Pp"></p>
<dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
<dt>Normal key</dt>
<dd>Enter the ASCII value associated with the key.</dd>
<dt>Function key</dt>
<dd>Enter a string of ASCII values.</dd>
<dt>Switch Key</dt>
<dd>Switch virtual console.</dd>
<dt>Modifier Key</dt>
<dd>Change the meaning of another key.</dd>
</dl>
<p class="Pp">The keyboard is seen as a number of keys numbered from 1 to n.
This number is often referred to as the "scancode" for a given
key. The number of the key is transmitted as an 8 bit char with bit 7 as 0
when a key is pressed, and the number with bit 7 as 1 when released. This
makes it possible to make the mapping of the keys fully configurable.</p>
<p class="Pp">The meaning of every key is programmable via the PIO_KEYMAP ioctl
call, that takes a structure keymap_t as argument. The layout of this
structure is as follows:</p>
<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
<pre> struct keymap {
u_short n_keys;
struct key_t {
u_char map[NUM_STATES];
u_char spcl;
u_char flgs;
} key[NUM_KEYS];
};</pre>
</div>
<p class="Pp">The field n_keys tells the system how many keydefinitions
(scancodes) follows. Each scancode is then specified in the key_t
substructure.</p>
<p class="Pp">Each scancode can be translated to any of 8 different values,
depending on the shift, control, and alt state. These eight possibilities
are represented by the map array, as shown below:</p>
<div class="Bd Pp Li">
<pre> alt
scan cntrl alt alt cntrl
code base shift cntrl shift alt shift cntrl shift
map[n] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
---- ------------------------------------------------------
0x1E 'a' 'A' 0x01 0x01 'a' 'A' 0x01 0x01</pre>
</div>
<p class="Pp">This is the default mapping for the key labelled 'A' which
normally has scancode 0x1E. The eight states are as shown, giving the 'A'
key its normal behavior. The spcl field is used to give the key
"special" treatment, and is interpreted as follows. Each bit
corresponds to one of the states above. If the bit is 0 the key emits the
number defined in the corresponding map[] entry. If the bit is 1 the key is
"special". This means it does not emit anything; instead it
changes the "state". That means it is a shift, control, alt, lock,
switch-screen, function-key or no-op key. The bitmap is backwards i.e., 7
for base, 6 for shift etc.</p>
<p class="Pp">The flgs field defines if the key should react on caps-lock (1),
num-lock (2), both (3) or ignore both (0).</p>
<p class="Pp">The <a class="Xr">kbdcontrol(1)</a> utility is used to load such a
description into/outof the kernel at runtime. This makes it possible to
change the key assignments at runtime, or more important to get (GIO_KEYMAP
ioctl) the exact key meanings from the kernel (e.g. used by the X
server).</p>
<p class="Pp">The function keys can be programmed using the SETFKEY ioctl
call.</p>
<p class="Pp">This ioctl takes an argument of the type fkeyarg_t:</p>
<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
<pre> struct fkeyarg {
u_short keynum;
char keydef[MAXFK];
char flen;
};</pre>
</div>
<p class="Pp">The field keynum defines which function key that is programmed.
The array keydef should contain the new string to be used (MAXFK long), and
the length should be entered in flen.</p>
<p class="Pp">The GETFKEY ioctl call works in a similar manner, except it
returns the current setting of keynum.</p>
<p class="Pp">The function keys are numbered like this:</p>
<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
<pre> F1-F12 key 1 - 12
Shift F1-F12 key 13 - 24
Ctrl F1-F12 key 25 - 36
Ctrl+shift F1-F12 key 37 - 48
Home key 49
Up arrow key 50
Page Up key 51
(keypad) - key 52
Left arrow key 53
(keypad) 5 key 54
Right arrow key 55
(keypad) + key 56
End key 57
Down arrow key 58
Page down key 59
Insert key 60
Delete key 61
Left window key 62
Right window key 63
Menu key 64</pre>
</div>
<p class="Pp">The <a class="Xr">kbdcontrol(1)</a> utility also allows changing
these values at runtime.</p>
</section>
<section class="Sh">
<h1 class="Sh" id="AUTHORS"><a class="permalink" href="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></h1>
<p class="Pp"><span class="An">Søren Schmidt</span>
<<a class="Mt" href="mailto:sos@FreeBSD.org">sos@FreeBSD.org</a>></p>
</section>
</div>
<table class="foot">
<tr>
<td class="foot-date">January 8, 1995</td>
<td class="foot-os">FreeBSD 15.0</td>
</tr>
</table>
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