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+.TH VA 4
+.UC 4
+.SH NAME
+va \- Benson-Varian interface
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B #include <sys/vcmd.h>
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The Benson-Varian printer/plotter in normally used with the programs
+.IR vpr (1),
+.IR vprint (1)
+or
+.IR vtroff (1).
+This description is designed for those who wish to drive the Benson-Varian
+directly.
+.PP
+The Benson-Varian at Berkeley uses 11\*(rq by 8\*(rq fan-fold paper.
+It will print 132 characters per line in print mode
+and 2112 dots per line in plot mode.
+.PP
+In print mode, the Benson-Varian uses a modified ASCII character set.
+Most control characters print various non-ASCII graphics such as daggers,
+sigmas, copyright symbols, etc.
+Only LF and FF are used as format effectors.  LF acts as a newline,
+advancing to the beginning of the next line, and FF advances to the top of
+the next page.
+.PP
+In plot mode, the Benson-Varian prints one raster line at a time.
+An entire raster line of bits (2112 bits = 264 bytes) is sent, and
+then the Benson-Varian advances to the next raster line.
+.PP
+.B Note:
+The Benson-Varian must be sent an even number of bytes.
+If an odd number is sent, the last byte will be lost.
+Nulls can be used in print mode to pad to an even number of bytes.
+.PP
+To use the Benson-Varian yourself, you must realize that you cannot open the
+device,
+.I /dev/va0
+if there is a daemon active.
+You can see if there is a daemon active by doing a
+.IR ps (1),
+or by looking in the directory
+.I /usr/spool/vad.
+If there is a file
+.I lock
+there, then there is probably a daemon
+.IR /usr/lib/vad
+running.
+If not, you should remove the
+.I lock.
+.PP
+In any case, when your program tries to open the device
+.I /dev/va0
+you may get one of two errors.
+The first of these
+ENXIO
+indicates that the Benson-Varian is already in use.
+Your program can then
+.IR sleep (2)
+and try again in a while, or give up.
+The second is
+EIO
+and indicates that the Benson-Varian is offline.
+.PP
+To set the Benson-Varian into plot mode you can use the following
+.IR ioctl (2)
+call
+.IP
+ioctl(fileno(va), VSETSTATE, plotmd);
+.PP
+where
+.B plotmd
+is defined to be
+.IP
+\fBint\fR plotmd[] = { VPLOT, 0, 0 };
+.PP
+and
+.I va
+is the result of a call to
+.I fopen
+on stdio.
+When you finish using the Benson-Varian in plot mode you should advance to
+a new page
+by sending it a FF after putting it back into print mode, i.e. by
+.sp .1i
+'nf
+\fBint\fR prtmd[] = { VPRINT, 0, 0 };
+\&...
+fflush(va);
+ioctl(fileno(va), VSETSTATE, prtmd);
+write(fileno(va), "\ef\e0", 2);
+.fi
+.PP
+.IR N.B. :
+If you use the standard I/O library with the Benson-Varian you
+.B must
+do
+.IP
+setbuf(vp, vpbuf);
+.PP
+where
+.I vpbuf
+is declared
+.IP
+\fBchar\fR vpbuf[BUFSIZ];
+.PP
+otherwise the standard I/O library, thinking that the Benson-Varian
+is a terminal (since it is a character special file) will not adequately buffer
+the data you are sending to the Benson-Varian.
+This will cause it to run
+.B extremely
+slowly and tends to grind the system to a halt.
+.SH FILES
+/dev/va0
+.br
+/usr/include/sys/vcmd.h
+.SH SEE ALSO
+vfont(5), vpr(1), vtroff(1), vp(4)
+.SH BUGS
+The 1's (one's) and l's (lower-case el's) in the Benson-Varian's
+standard character set look very similar; caution is advised.