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diff --git a/static/unix-v10/man1/bite.1 b/static/unix-v10/man1/bite.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..41638a81 --- /dev/null +++ b/static/unix-v10/man1/bite.1 @@ -0,0 +1,712 @@ +.TH BITE 1 local +.SH NAME +bite \- Basic Interpreter for Testing & Engineering +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B bite +[ - ] [prog1 prog2 prog3 .....] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.I Bite +is a BASIC language interpreter. +Its virtues are in that it is written in the Bell System 'C' +compiler language which lends itself to +.I portability +and +.I readability. +One of the most important aspects is that the interpreter is +.I interfaced +with the +.I system shell via the '!' command. +Shell commands can be executed inmmediately or actually typed into +the BASIC program itself! +"bite" may also be invoked by a shell script and when given an argument +(a program name) will automatically cause the BASIC program to be +executed. In that case the BASIC program should be terminated with +a "bye" statement. +The inclusion of the '-' option, along with a BASIC program name will +cause "bite" to start and then "load" the BASIC program +.I without +running it. +.PP +.I Bite +is designed so that BASIC language programs +of the original Dartmouth syntax will be loadable +with little or no incompatibility and extra features that do not +follow common standards will be +.I additions +to, rather than +.I exceptions +to the syntax rules of BASIC. + +The commands and functions in this interpreter +are implemented by entries into +tables and the procedure for implementing new +commands will be documented as another virtue of the +configuration of this interpreter. +.PP +.I Bite +was implemented +with +.I instrument control +and +.I data collection +in mind +for the purpose of controlling an +.I Automated Test System (ATS). +These functions will be available as an extended instruction set. +Another version of "bite" is being configured for this purpose +which will reside (initially) on an PDP-11/03 (subsequently on +a PDP-11/23). +.PP +A standard string capability is implemented on the BASIC interpreter +BITE. +.TP 4 +.I Conventions +.TP 8 +.I THIS DOCUMENT +All things enclosed in [] are optional. +.TP 8 +.I EDITING +Editing is accomplished as it is in any BASIC language intepreter +in that line-numbers are entered by typing a line-number followed +by the statement and removed or deleted by merely typing the line-number. +Listing is accomplished with the "list" command (explained under "COMMANDS"). +In addition to the above, it is possible to list single lines by typing +the return-key in which case the program is listed one line-at-a-time, +starting at the first. When the last one is reached, the sequence starts +at the first line again. +At any time it is also possible to type the '-' symbol to "backup" a line- +at-a-time. +Other editing facilities are "s", "delete", and "reseq" also explained +under "COMMANDS". +.TP 8 +.I EXPR +Any algebraic expression which could be a constant, variable, math +function or a combination of same, seperated by arithmetic operators +as in: a+b*3.14*(4.4+c2*sin(b+s))+a(2,2) +See "variables" and "math functions" below. +.TP 8 +.I OPERATORS ++,-,*,/ or ^ for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division or +exponentiation in order of lowest to highest precidence. + and - have +the same precidence and * and / have the same precidence. +.TP +.I RELATIONALS +<, >, =, <=, >=, <> for less than, greater than, equality, less or equal, +greater than or equal and not equal. +.TP 8 +.I SOURCE PATH +When reference is made to a "bite" source file (i.e. the "old" and "load" +command), at least two directories are searched, the first being the current +directory and then /usr/lib/bites which is a "pool" where shared programs +should be stored. The /usr/lib/bites directory is analogous to the +/usr/bin directory in UNIX. +The user may specify extra paths to be searched by defining them in +BITEPATH and then exporting BITEPATH like: +.br +BITEPATH=:$HOME/BASIC:/usr/local/lib/: +.br +which adds the two pathnames between the ':' delimiters to the +other paths. In this way, one may have private BITE programs +and execute them from any directory. +.TP 8 +.I SOURCE PROGRAM NAME +The source program name is twelve or less characters suffixed by a .b . +.TP 8 +.I STATEMENT +A basic statement consists of a line number (integer value between 1 and +32767) followed by a command, space and operand which follows the +syntax governed by the command as in: 100 print "hello world" +A statement can be typed without a line number in which case it will +execute immediately. This is true for all commands, but doesn't make +sense for all commands such as "for". Immediate execution is handy +for diagnostic purposes such as: print a, to find out what the value +of a. +.TP 8 +.I VARIABLES +All variable names are either a lower case alpha character (a-z) +or a lower-case alpha character followed by an integer (0-9). +Array have the same name convention as regular variables and take +the form varname(D1,D2,D3....D10) where D1-D10 are the dimension +attributes of the array and can take the form of any legal expression +(including another array) as in a(b(2,2),x). +.TP 8 +.I STRING VARIABLE +A string variable is any single lower case alpha character (a-z) +followed by a '$' or any single alpha character followed by a single digit +(1-9) then followed by a '$' like a$ or z9$. +.TP 8 +.I STRING ARRAY VARIABLE +A string array variable has the same naming convention as a regular string +variable and contains one or two "subscripts" enclosed in parenthesis +as in: +.br + x1$(x,y) + +Like other array variables in BASIC string arrays must be declared +in a dimension statement prior to their use: e.g. dim a$(20) or +d$(100,3). +.TP 8 +.I STRING EXPRESSION +A string expression is any combination of string variables and +literals added together by a '+' operator which indicates concatenation. +An example of an assignment statement for string variables is: + + b$="Joan"+a1$+c2$+"John"+x$(20) +.SH COMMANDS +.TP 8 +.I bye or q +Exit +the interpreter. +.TP 8 +.I com[mon] +Preserve +variables for subsequent "run". Issue of the run command +otherwise de-allocates all variables. +.TP 8 +.I con \fR[line#] +Continue normal execution from single step mode. See "sing" command. +.TP 8 +.I data \fR(expr),(expr),(expr),.......... +The data statement is a string of defined constants or expressions referred +to by the "read" statement. Unlike most BASIC interpreters, the data is +stored only in the form of text strings which allows the read statement to +evaluate expressions as well as constants. +.TP 8 +.I del[ete] \fRlownum [, highnum] +Delete line-number specified if only lownum given. Delete all lines +between lownum and highnum if both are specified. +See the "undo" command. +.TP 8 +.I dim \fRvariable(expr1,expr2,....,expr10) +Allocate space and define the dimensional characteristics of +subscripted variable. +.TP 8 +.I end +Define logical end of program. Cause termination or current "run". +.TP 8 +.I expunge +Force all variable space, including subscripted variables to be freed. +Or de-allocate used varriable space. +.TP 8 +.I f +Identify current file. Typing "f" causes the currently referenced +file (if any) to be displayed. +.TP 8 +.I for - next +Cause code enclosed by this combination to be executed under the +conditions specified in the +.I for +statement as in: for variable = expr1 to expr2 [step expr]. +.TP 8 +.I gosub \fRline# +Goto subroutine, resume from following statement after "return" encountered. +.TP 8 +.I goto \fRline# +Force execution to continue starting at the line# specified. +.TP 8 +.I if \fR(expr1) relational (expr2) \fIthen \fRline# +Redirect program flow to line# if expr1 is related to expr2 by the +specified relational. +String expressions are also compared by the "if" statement as in: +.br +if a$ < "jim" goto 100 +.br +The results of the comparison are based on alphabetical order +of the two objects being compared. +The "then" in the "if" statement can be optionally replaced with "goto" +"go to" or "gosub". The "if" statement can also take the form: +.br +.I if \fR(expr) relatioanl (expr) \fIthen \fRvar = (expr) +.TP 8 +.I if \fRmore _fd \fI then \fRline# +Direct program flow to line# if there are more lines to be read +from the file associated with fd where fd is the file designator +between 1 and 4 inclusive. This type if statement is used to detect +EOF (End Of File) condition. +.br +Example: 100 if more _2 then 200 +.br +Note that "gosub" can be used in place of "then" in which case +the subroutine would be one for reading another line. +.TP 8 +.I input \fR[_fildes]var1[,var2,var3,....] +Prompt for input and assign inputed value to variable. +If 's' is typed program is halted. +String variables may be specified in the "input" statement. The +variables can be mixed like: +.br +input a$,a,b$(2,2) +.br +which will interpret the first input as a string, require the second +input to be numerical and interpret the third as a string input. +.TP 8 +.I [let] \fRvariable = expr +Assign the value of expr to variable. +The let is optional. +The let or assignment statement also allows the assignment of +string expressions to string variables like: +.br +b$="Joan"+a1$+c2$+"John"+x$(20) +.TP 8 +.I l[ist] \fR[lownum [, highnum]] +List the text in working storage. If lownum is given then only that number +is listed, if lownum and highnum are specified, then a listing is +displayed between the given statement numbers. +.TP 8 +.I load \fR[prog-name] +Same as the "old" command, except working storage is not cleared. +.TP 8 +.I ls \foptions +List directory. Same as UNIX "ls" command. +.TP 8 +.I mov \fRstartnum,endnum,newnum [,increm] +The mov command causes the lines beginning with +.I startnum +and ending with +.I endnum +to be moved (ie. resequenced) to the line beginning with +.I newnum +and incremented by +.I increm \fR. +The default value for +.I increm +is 10. +All references to the moved lines are updated. The user is responsible to +see that line numbers associated with moved lines do not conflict with +existing lines which will cause loss of program text. +.I mov +is similar to +.I reseq +(see below) except that only the specified lines are resequenced. +.TP 8 +.I n +List the next 23 lines. Useful for paging through a listing on a CRT. +.TP 8 +.I new +Clear program working storage for new program to be typed. +.TP 8 +.I old \fR[prog-name] +Clear user space and load program. If old is typed with no argument +it will prompt the user for a program name if not defined or load +the last defined program name. +.TP 8 +.I on \fR(expr) \fIgoto \fRline#,line#,....... +Is a selective goto with multiple line number targets. The target +branched to depends on the value of expr which is truncated. +Control is passed to the first line# specified after goto if the +value of the expression is 1. Control passes to the second line# +if the value is 2, the third if 3 and so on. +.TP 8 +.I on \fR(expr) \fIgosub \fRline#,line#,....... +Same action as on-goto, except action taken is that of "gosub". +.TP 8 +.I pause +Causes execution to be suspended until a "newline" or "return" is typed. +This is useful for programs which need to be continuously in "run", but +need to allow a time for user action i.e. unit insertion. +.TP 8 +.I pr[int] \fR[_fildes](expr's,quoted strings or tab operators) +The print statment is a limited format display statement in which +expressions are evaluated and displayed along with quoted literals. +The tab(expr) operator causes the print head to move to the absolute +column position computed by expr provided the current head position +is less. The specifiers must be seperated by onee or more commas +or semicolons. +String expressions are also expanded by the print statement. +.TP 8 +.I printf \fR[_fildes]"format string"[,expr1,expr2,.....,expr10] +This is an interpretive implementation of the UNIX 'C' library +routine, printf. It is, however restricted to only the floating +point format control specifiers 'f' and 'g'. Use of any of the +other specifiers such as 'o', 'd' or 's' will give erroneous results. +Print controls such as \\b (backspace), \\n (newline), \\r (return) +or \\t can also be used. The printf format was chosen in lieu +of the usual "print using" command because it was felt that +printf is not only a 'C' language standard but easier to use +than "print using". +.br +Usage Example: +.br +100 printf "Variable a=%2.2f\\tVariable b=%g.\\n",a,b +.TP 8 +.I randomize +Causes "rnd" statement to start at an "unpredictable" value. +.TP 8 +.I read \fRvar1,var2,var3,.............. +The "read" statement causes data to be assigned to each variable in the +list from the constants or expressions contained in "data" statements. The +reading starts where-ever the data pointer is currently at. The data pointer +points to the last data field accessed, if a read was done, the first +data field in the first data statment if the "restore" statment is issued +or the program is re-run. +The "read" statement will also assign values to string variables or +expressions in the "data" statement. +.TP 8 +.I rem +The remark statement causes no operation in +.I bite +but may be followed by any string of characters for the purpose of commenting +a program. Unlike compiler languages, remarks do take up program buffer space, +however, they are of paramount importance in making a program readable by +human beings and are therefore strongly recommended. +.TP 8 +.I reseq \fR[startnum [, increm]] +The resequence command causes the statement numbers and all references +to them (such as if's goto's, gosub's, etc) to be resequenced starting +at +.I startnum +and incremented by +.I increm. +If startnum and/or increm are omitted, the default values are 10 and +10 respectively. +.TP 8 +.I restore +Restores the data pointer to the first field of the first "data" statment. +.TP 8 +.I return +Return from subroutine called by "gosub" statement. +.TP 8 +.I rm \ffilename(s) +Remove file(s). Same as UNIX "rm" command. +.TP 8 +.I run \fR[prog-name] +Run basic program specified. If no argument is given, "run" attempts to +execute whatever is currently in working storage. +.TP 8 +.I s \fRline#/old-string/new-string[/] +Substitute in line line# the new-string for the old-string. The last delimiter +is optional, unless new-string is null in which case it is desired that +old-string merely be removed. +See the "undo" command. +.TP 8 +.I sing \fR[line#] +Enter the single step mode starting at the line# specified or at +the first line of the program if no line# is specified. +In single step mode an instruction is executed and then the prompt '^' +is displayed. +At this time the user may enter +any command (i.e. print) or hit the "return" key to execute the next +instruction. +See the "con" instruction. +.TP 8 +.I size +Causes amount of storage used and remaining or free space in +decimal number of bytes. +.TP 8 +.I stop +Stop execution of program. +.TP 8 +.I save \fR[prog-name] +Save the contents of working storage in file-name specified by progname. +If no progname is given last referenced file-name is used. If no file +name was referenced, the user is prompted for a name. +.TP 8 +.I undo +Undo last "s" command or +.I single line deletion. +.TP 8 +.I ! (any shell command string) +Unix shell command invocation allows system commands to be +executed from the interpreter. +Not available in restricted version. +.SH FILE COMMANDS +The file commands: append, openi, and openo are followed by one or more +file-names seperated by commas, each file-name being no more that +14 characters long. Files are assigned to designators (integer values +between 1 and 8 inclusive) in the order that they are open. +All commands +such as "print" and "input" which refer to a file use the designator +number preceded by a '_' character to refer to that file +as in: 100 print _1"hello world" or 100 input _3a(x,y) . +.TP 8 +.I append \fRfile1[,file2,.....,file8] +If file exists open for output cause new data to be appended. If file +does not exist, the named file is created. +.TP 8 +.I openi \fRfile1[,file2,.....,file8] +Open file for input. File must exist. +.TP 8 +.I openo \fRfile1[,file2,.....,file8] +Create named file(s) and open for output. If named files exist, the old +data is destroyed. +.TP 8 +.I seek \fR_fildes, offset, mode +Seek to a line whose position in the file is offset. If mode = 0 the +offset is from the beginning, if mode = 1 then the offset is relative +to the current file pointer. +.br +Usage Example: 101 seek _1, 33, 0 +.br +would cause the file pointer to the 33rd line. +.TP 8 +.I rewind \fR_fildes +Rewind the file specified by fildes to the beginning (first line). +This is effectively the same as seek _fildes, 0, 0. +.TP 8 +.I close \fR_fildes +Close file associated with file designator. +.TP 8 +.I closeall +Close all files input and output. +.SH MATH FUNCTIONS +.TP 8 +.I abs\fR(expr) +Absolute value. +.TP 8 +.I atn\fR(expr) +Arc-tangent. +.TP 8 +.I cos\fR(expr) +Cosine. +.TP 8 +.I exp\fR(expr) +Natural exponential. +.TP 8 +.I fact\fR(expr) +Factorial. (Truncates fractions i.e. fact(3.22) interpreted as fact(3)) +.TP 8 +.I int\fR(expr) +Integerize or truncate fractional part of result of expr. +.TP 8 +.I log\fR(expr) +Natural log. +.TP 8 +.I rnd\fR(expr) +Return random number between 0 and evaluated expr. +.TP 8 +.I sin\fR(expr) +Sine. +.TP 8 +.I sqr\fR(expr) +Square root. +.SH STRING FUNCTIONS +.TP 8 +.I asc(string) +Returns ASCII value of first character in string. +.TP 8 +.I chr$(expr) +Return the character corresponding to the value of expr where expr +is a numerical expression. If the value of the expression exceeds +octal 177 the least significant 7 bits are used. +.TP 8 +.I ext$(string,pos,len) +The ext$ "extract" string function returns a substring of the +string expression string starting at position "pos" having length "len". +If attempt is made to extract a string beyond the end of "string" the result +will be truncated and an error message will be displayed. +.TP +.I len(string) +Return the length of the string expression "string". +.TP +.I left$(string,n) +Return the leftmost n characters of the string. If the string length is +less than n, then the string itself is returned. +.TP +.I loc$(string) +Converts all upper case alphabetic characters in the string to lower case. +.br +EX: a$=loc$("ABCdef123#$^&*") +.br +returns abcdef123#$^&* to a$ +.TP +.I mid$(string,pos,len) +Does exactly same as ext$. Included because it is part of another +popular dialect of BASIC. +.TP +.I right$(string,n) +Return rightmost n characters of string. If string length is less than +n the string itself is returned. +.TP +.I str$(expr) +Returns value of expr (numerical expression) as an ASCII string. +.TP +.I string$(n,string) +Returns n occurrences of the first character in string. +.TP +.I upc$(string) +Converts all lower case alphabetic characters in the string to upper case. +.TP +.I val(string) +Return numerical value represented by ASCII number. +.br +Ex: a=val("100.2") +.br +assigns the value 100.2 to variable a. This function is good for +converting ASCII tabulations of numbers. ext$ or mid$ can be used +to select the column. +.SH ATS INSTRUMENT COMMANDS +.TP 8 +.I buspr \fR'busadr(text and expressions) +Buspr is merely an extension of the print statement which allows +the print string which would otherwise be displayed on the tty +to be sent via the IBV-11 bus to the bus address specified by "busadr". +The ' preceding busadr distinguishes the following character from anything +other than a single character to be interpreted as an address. +.br +Usage Example: 100 buspr '6"F2R";r +.TP 8 +.I cmd "string" +Send character string over IBV-11 command lines. +.TP 8 +.I delay num +Causes a delay of num 60ths of a second where num is an integer. +.br +Usage Example: 100 delay 120 (delay 2 minutes or 120/60ths sec) +.TP 8 +.I dvminit +Initialize Digital Voltmeter. +.TP 8 +.I dvms \fRfunction, range +Digital voltmeter set command, where: function is "ac", "dc" or "ohms" +and range is .1, 1, 10, 100, 1k, 10k or "aut". i.e. +.br +Usage Example: 100 dvms dc,1k +.TP 8 +.I hprintf \fR"format text"[,expr1,expr2,...,expr10] +Formatted print to strip printer. Syntax rules are the same as +. I printf. +Strip printer is 20 columns wide, anything past the 20th column is +truncated. +.TP 8 +.I lodset \fRlodnum,mode,value +Set load. Where lodnum an integer describing which load referred to, +mode is the manner in which the load is set and value is an expression +describing the current or resistance the load was set to depending on the +mode. Mode is a single character 'r', 'R', 'i' or 'I' where 'r' is resistance +mode (value in ohms) and 'i' is current mode (value in amperes). Small +letter causes a hunt for the value and capital causes set on first try. +.TP 8 +.I relay \fRfunction, relnum1[, relnum2, relnum3,... ] +Set multiprogrammer relays. Function is m (make), b (break) or c (clear). +Function is followed by all relay numbers to be acted upon which may +be expressions or variables. The clear function when not followed by +anything, simply means open all relays. When followed by relay numbers, +clear means all relays are open EXCEPT the ones specified. +.br +Usage Example: 100 relay m,10,20,21,a,b,rnd(10) +.TP 8 +.I ps \fRpsno, voltage, current limit, overvoltage +Set power supply parameters. Psno is an integer representing the +power supply number describing which power supply is to be used, +voltage, current limit and overvoltage are self explanatory. Each +one of the parameters may be a legal algebraic expression so that +they may be controlled by the program. +.br +Usage Example: 100 dvms 1,10,1,11 or 100 dvms n,v1,i1,v1+1 +.SH INSTRUMENT FUNCTIONS +.TP 8 +.I btn\fR(expr) +Button function returns non-zero if control button number (expr) is +depressed. +.TP 8 +.I dvmr() +Return digital voltmeter reading. +.TP 8 +.I error() +Return 1 if last instrument command caused instrument error, otherwise +return 0. + +.SH AUTHORS +Richard B. Drake & James P. Hawkins +.SH FILES +source.b +.br +/usr/lib/bites/<source> +.br +.SH "SEE ALSO" +sh(1),bstring(1) +BASIC Programming and Applications, C. Joseph Sass 1972 +.br +.br +BITE Users Guide, J.P.Hawkins, Bell Labs, TM-79-2425-4 +.SH DIAGNOSTICS +Diagnostic error messages are issued by the interpreter +which indicate syntax errors , system failure, illegal commands or expressions,etc. +The +.I LSI-11/03 +Version of +.I bite +does not issue explicit error messages, but displays an error number +in which the meanings are listed below. This is done to regain approx. +2Kb memory in an already tight LSI-11/03 memory. +.nf +.I Standard Error Messages + + NUMBER MESSAGE TEXT + -------------------- + 0 REFERS TO A NON EXISTING LINE NUMBER + 1 UNRECOGNIZABLE OPERATION + 2 CANNOT OPEN FILE + 3 ILLEGAL VARIABLE NAME + 4 BAD FILENAME + 5 WORKING STORAGE AREA EMPTY + 6 RUNS NESTED TOO DEEPLY + 7 UNASSIGNED VARIABLE + 8 EXPRESSION SYNTAX + 9 BAD KEYWORD IN STATEMENT + 10 IMPROPER OR NO RELATIONAL OPERATOR + 11 UNBALANCED QUOTES + 12 FILE EDITING NOT PERMITTED IN SINGLE STEP MODE + 13 MISSING OR ILLEGAL DELIMITER + 14 GOSUB WITH NO RETURN + 15 IS FATAL + 16 UNBALANCED PARENTHESIS + 17 UNKNOWN MATH FUNCTION + 18 NEXT WITH NO OR WRONG FOR IN PROGRESS + 19 CANNOT PROCESS IMAGINARY NUMBER + 20 WHAT ? + 21 BAD DIMENSION SYNTAX + 22 TOO MANY DIMENSIONS + 23 REDUNDANT DIM STATEMENT + 24 NOT ENOUGH WORKING STORAGE SPACE + 25 VARIABLE NOT DIMENSIONED + 26 WRONG NUM OF DIMS + 27 ONE OR MORE DIMS LARGER THAN ASSIGNED + 28 NEG. OR ZERO DIMENSION ILLEGAL + 29 DIVIDE BY ZERO + 30 BAD TAB SPEC. IN PRINT + 31 SYS CALL FAILED + 32 BAD FILE DECLARE SYNTAX + 33 OUT OF DATA + 34 FILE-NAME TOO LONG + 35 FILE DES. USED UP + 36 FILE NOT OPEN FOR OUTPUT + 37 FILE NOT OPEN FOR INPUT + 38 EXPRESSION YIELDS AN IMPOSSIBLE VALUE + 39 PRINTF: ARG COUNT MISMATCH + 40 PRINTF: MORE THAN 10 ARGS + 41 LINE TOO LONG FOR STRIP PRINTER + 42 MOV REQUIRES 3 LINE #'s SPACING IS OPTIONAL +.I String error messages + 49 STRING VARIABLE IN NUMERICAL EXPR. + 50 NON-STRING IN STRING ASSIGNMENT + 51 NUMERIC IN STRING EXPRESSION + 52 INVALID STRING OPERATOR + 53 CANNOT COMPARE STRING WITH NUM. TYPES + 54 UNKNOWN STRING FUNCTION + 55 OUT OF STRING RANGE + +.I Test Set and Instrument Error Messages + + 100 MISSING ' DELIMITER BEFORE BUS ADDR + 101 PS: VOLTAGE OUT OF RANGE + 102 PS: CURRENT OUT OF RANGE + 103 PS: OVERVOLTAGE OUT OF RANGE + 104 RELAY ERR + 105 RELAY: INVALID FUNC. + 106 RELAY: INVALID NUMBER + 107 DVM: INVALID MODE + 108 DVM: INVALID RANGE + 109 LODSET: IMPROPER NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS + 110 LODSET: IMPROPER MODE + 111 LODSET: UNABLE TO SET LOAD +.fi +.SH BUGS + There are more or less common features not yet available such as +.I string variables, multiple statment lines, matrix statements +and the +.I def +statement. +Array variables do not accept reference to 0th elements. +Bugs will be found as local users write and execute programs and report +their problems. |