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+.\"	$NetBSD: format.8,v 1.14 2017/07/03 21:31:00 wiz Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1983, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	from: @(#)format.8	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
+.\"
+.Dd February 17, 2017
+.Dt FORMAT 8 vax
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm format
+.Nd how to format disk packs
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+There are two ways to format disk packs.  The simplest is to
+use the
+.Nm
+program.
+The alternative is to use the DEC standard formatting software which
+operates under the DEC diagnostic supervisor.
+This manual page describes the operation of
+.Nm ,
+then concludes with some remarks about using the DEC formatter.
+.Pp
+.Nm
+is a standalone program used to format and check disks prior to
+constructing file systems.
+In addition to the formatting operation,
+.Nm
+records any bad sectors encountered according to DEC standard 144.
+Formatting is performed one track at a time by writing the appropriate
+headers and a test pattern and then checking the sector by reading and
+verifying the pattern, using the controller's ECC for error detection.
+A sector is marked bad if an unrecoverable media error is detected, or
+if a correctable ECC error too many bits in length is detected (such
+errors are indicated as
+.Dq ECC
+in the summary printed upon completing the format operation).
+After the entire disk has been formatted and checked, the total number
+of errors are reported, any bad sectors and skip sectors are marked,
+and a bad sector forwarding table is written to the disk in the first
+five even numbered sectors of the last track.
+It is also possible to reformat sections of the disk in units of
+tracks.
+.Nm
+may be used on any
+.Tn UNIBUS
+or
+.Tn MASSBUS
+drive supported by the
+.Em up
+and
+.Em hp
+device drivers which uses 4-byte headers (everything except RP's).
+.Pp
+The test pattern used during the media check may be selected from one
+of: 0xf00f (RH750 worst case), 0xec6d (media worst case), and 0xa5a5
+(alternating 1's and 0's).
+Normally the media worst case pattern is used.
+.Pp
+.Nm
+also has an option to perform an extended
+.Dq severe burn-in ,
+which makes a number of passes using different patterns.
+The number of passes can be selected at run time, up to a maximum of
+48, with provision for additional passes or termination after the
+preselected number of passes.
+This test runs for many hours, depending on the disk and processor.
+.Pp
+Each time
+.Nm
+is run to format an entire disk, a completely new bad sector table is
+generated based on errors encountered while formatting.
+The device driver, however, will always attempt to read any existing
+bad sector table when the device is first opened.
+Thus, if a disk pack has never previously been formatted, or has been
+formatted with different sectoring, five error messages will be
+printed when the driver attempts to read the bad sector table; these
+diagnostics should be ignored.
+.Pp
+Formatting a 400 megabyte disk on a
+.Tn MASSBUS
+disk controller usually takes about 20 minutes.
+Formatting on a
+.Tn UNIBUS
+disk controller takes significantly longer.
+For every hundredth cylinder formatted
+.Nm
+prints a message indicating the current cylinder being formatted.
+(This message is just to reassure people that nothing is amiss.)
+.Pp
+.Nm
+uses the standard notation of the standalone I/O library in
+identifying a drive to be formatted.
+A drive is  specified as
+.Em zz(x,y) ,
+where
+.Em zz
+refers to the controller type (either
+.Em hp
+or
+.Em up ) ,
+.Em x
+is the unit number of the drive; 8 times the
+.Tn UNIBUS
+or
+.Tn MASSBUS
+adaptor number plus the
+.Tn MASSBUS
+drive number or
+.Tn UNIBUS
+drive unit number; and
+.Em y
+is the file system partition on drive
+.Em x
+(this should always be 0).
+For example,
+.Dq hp(1,0)
+indicates that drive 1 on
+.Tn MASSBUS
+adaptor 0 should be formatted; while
+.Dq up(10,0)
+indicates that
+.Tn UNIBUS
+drive 2 on
+.Tn UNIBUS
+adaptor 1 should be formatted.
+.Pp
+Before each formatting attempt,
+.Nm
+prompts the user in case debugging should be enabled in the
+appropriate device driver.
+A carriage return disables debugging information.
+.Pp
+.Nm
+should be used prior to building file systems (with
+.Xr newfs 8
+to ensure that all sectors with uncorrectable media errors are
+remapped.
+If a drive develops uncorrectable defects after formatting, either
+.Xr bad144 8
+or
+.Xr badsect 8
+should be able to avoid the bad sectors.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+A sample run of
+.Nm
+is shown below.
+In this example (using a
+.Tn VAX-11/780 ) ,
+.Nm
+is loaded from the console floppy;
+on an 11/750
+.Nm
+will be loaded from the root file system with
+.Xr vax/boot 8
+following a
+.Dq B/3
+command.
+Boldface means user input.
+As usual,
+.Dq #
+and
+.Dq @
+may be used to edit input.
+.Bd -literal -offset 0.5i
+>>>\fBL FORMAT\fP
+	LOAD DONE, 00004400 BYTES LOADED
+>>>\fBS 2\fP
+Disk format/check utility
+.sp
+Enable debugging (0=none, 1=bse, 2=ecc, 3=bse+ecc)? \fB0\fP
+Device to format? \fBhp(8,0)\fP
+(\fIerror messages may occur as old bad sector table is read\fP)
+Formatting drive hp0 on adaptor 1: verify (yes/no)? \fByes\fP
+Device data: #cylinders=842, #tracks=20, #sectors=48
+Starting cylinder (0):
+Starting track (0):
+Ending cylinder (841):
+Ending track (19):
+Available test patterns are:
+.Ed
+.Bd -literal -offset 1.5i -compact
+1 - (f00f) RH750 worst case
+2 - (ec6d) media worst case
+3 - (a5a5) alternating 1's and 0's
+4 - (ffff) Severe burnin (up to 48 passes)
+.Ed
+.Bd -literal -offset 0.5i -compact
+Pattern (one of the above, other to restart)? \fB2\fP
+Maximum number of bit errors to allow for soft ECC (3):
+Start formatting...make sure the drive is online
+ ...
+(\fIsoft ecc's and other errors are reported as they occur\fP)
+ ...
+(\fIif 4 write check errors were found, the program terminates like this...\fP)
+ ...
+Errors:
+Bad sector: 0
+Write check: 4
+Hard ECC: 0
+Other hard: 0
+Marked bad: 0
+Skipped: 0
+Total of 4 hard errors revectored.
+Writing bad sector table at block 808272
+(\fI808272 is the block # of the first block in the bad sector table\fP)
+Done
+(\fI...program restarts to allow formatting other disks\fP)
+(\fI...to abort halt machine with ^P\fP)
+.Ed
+.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
+The diagnostics are intended to be self explanatory.
+.Sh USING DEC SOFTWARE TO FORMAT
+.Em Warning: These instructions are for people with 11/780 CPUs.
+The steps needed for 11/750 or 11/730 CPU's are similar, but not
+covered in detail here.
+.Pp
+The formatting procedures are different for each type of disk.
+Listed here are the formatting procedures for RK07's, RP0X, and RM0X
+disks.
+.Pp
+You should shut down UNIX and halt the machine to do any disk formatting.
+Make certain you put in the pack you want formatted.
+It is also a good idea to spin down or write protect the disks you
+don't want to format, just in case.
+.Ss Formatting an RK07
+Load the console floppy labeled,
+.Dq RX11 VAX DSK LD DEV #1
+in the console disk drive, and type the following commands:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+>>>BOOT
+DIAGNOSTIC SUPERVISOR.  ZZ-ESSAA-X5.0-119  23-JAN-1980 12:44:40.03
+DS>ATTACH DW780 SBI DW0 3 5
+DS>ATTACH RK611 DMA
+DS>ATTACH RK07 DW0 DMA0
+DS>SELECT DMA0
+DS>LOAD EVRAC
+DS>START/SEC:PACKINIT
+.Ed
+.Ss Formatting an RP0X
+Follow the above procedures except that the
+ATTACH and SELECT lines should read:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+DS>ATTACH RH780 SBI RH0 8 5
+DS>ATTACH RP0X RH0 DBA0		(RP0X is, e.g., RP06)
+DS>SELECT DBA0
+.Ed
+.Pp
+This is for drive 0 on mba0; use 9 instead of 8 for mba1, etc.
+.Ss Formatting an RM0X
+Follow the above procedures except that the
+ATTACH and SELECT lines should read:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+DS>ATTACH RH780 SBI RH0 8 5
+DS>ATTACH RM0X RH0 DRA0
+DS>SELECT DRA0
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Don't forget to put your UNIX console floppy back in the floppy disk
+drive.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr bad144 8 ,
+.Xr badsect 8 ,
+.Xr newfs 8
+.Sh BUGS
+An equivalent facility should be available which operates under a
+running UNIX system.
+.Pp
+It should be possible to reformat or verify part or all of a disk,
+then update the existing bad sector table.