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-<table class="head">
- <tr>
- <td class="head-ltitle">URTWN(4)</td>
- <td class="head-vol">Device Drivers Manual</td>
- <td class="head-rtitle">URTWN(4)</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-<div class="manual-text">
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">urtwn</code> &#x2014; <span class="Nd">Realtek
- RTL8188CU/RTL8188EU/RTL8192CU/RTL8192EU USB IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless
- network device</span></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="permalink" href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Cd">urtwn* at uhub? port ?</code></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">urtwn</code> driver supports USB 2.0 wireless
- network devices based on Realtek RTL8188CUS, RTL8188CE-VAU, RTL8188EUS,
- RTL8188RU, RTL8192CU and RTL8192EU chipsets.</p>
-<p class="Pp">The RTL8188CUS and RTL8188EUS are highly integrated 802.11n
- adapters that combine a MAC, a 1T1R capable baseband and an RF in a single
- chip. They operate in the 2GHz spectrum only. The RTL8188RU is a high-power
- variant of the RTL8188CUS. The RTL8188CE-VAU is a PCI Express Mini Card
- adapter that attaches to the USB interface.</p>
-<p class="Pp">The RTL8192CU and RTL8192EU are highly integrated multiple-in,
- multiple-out (MIMO) 802.11n adapters that combine a MAC, a 2T2R capable
- baseband and an RF in a single chip. It operates in the 2GHz spectrum
- only.</p>
-<p class="Pp">These are the modes the <code class="Nm">urtwn</code> driver can
- operate in:</p>
-<dl class="Bl-tag">
- <dt id="infrastructure">BSS mode</dt>
- <dd>Also known as
- <a class="permalink" href="#infrastructure"><i class="Em">infrastructure</i></a>
- mode, this is used when associating with an access point, through which
- all traffic passes. This mode is the default.</dd>
- <dt id="IEEE">IBSS mode</dt>
- <dd>Also known as <a class="permalink" href="#IEEE"><i class="Em">IEEE
- ad-hoc</i></a> mode or
- <a class="permalink" href="#peer-to-peer"><i class="Em" id="peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</i></a>
- mode. This is the standardized method of operating without an access
- point. Stations associate with a service set. However, actual connections
- between stations are peer-to-peer.</dd>
- <dt>Host AP</dt>
- <dd>In this mode the driver acts as an access point (base station) for other
- cards.</dd>
- <dt>monitor mode</dt>
- <dd>In this mode the driver is able to receive packets without associating
- with an access point. This disables the internal receive filter and
- enables the card to capture packets from networks which it wouldn't
- normally have access to, or to scan for access points.</dd>
-</dl>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">urtwn</code> driver can be configured to use
- Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA-PSK and
- WPA2-PSK). WPA is the de facto encryption standard for wireless networks. It
- is strongly recommended that WEP not be used as the sole mechanism to secure
- wireless communication, due to serious weaknesses in it.</p>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">urtwn</code> driver can be configured at
- runtime with <a class="Xr">ifconfig(8)</a> or on boot with
- <a class="Xr">ifconfig.if(5)</a>.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="FILES"><a class="permalink" href="#FILES">FILES</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The driver needs the following firmware files, which are loaded
- when an interface is attached:</p>
-<p class="Pp"></p>
-<div class="Bd-indent">
-<dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
- <dt>/libdata/firmware/if_urtwn/rtl8188eufw.bin</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>/libdata/firmware/if_urtwn/rtl8192cfw.bin</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>/libdata/firmware/if_urtwn/rtl8192cfwU.bin</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>/libdata/firmware/if_urtwn/rtl8192efw.bin</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="HARDWARE"><a class="permalink" href="#HARDWARE">HARDWARE</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The following adapters should work:</p>
-<p class="Pp"></p>
-<div class="Bd-indent">
-<dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
- <dt>Airlink101 AWLL5088</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Aus. Linx AL-9604R1S</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>ASUSTeK USB-N10 NANO</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>B-Link BL-LW05-5R</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Belkin F7D1102 Surf Wireless Micro</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>D-Link DWA-121</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>D-Link DWA-125</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>D-Link DWA-131</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>D-Link DWA-133</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>D-Link DWA-135</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Digitus DN-7042</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Edimax EW-7811Un</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>EDUP EP-N8508</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>ELECOM WDC-150SU2M</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Full River FR-W100NUL</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Hercules Wireless N USB Pico HWNUp-150</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>IO-DATA WN-G150UMW</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Mercusys MW150US v2</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Netgear WNA1000A</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Planex GW-USEco300</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Planex GW-USNano2</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Planex GW-USValue-EZ</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Planex GW-USWExtreme</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>POWCHIP POW-N18</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Sitecom N300 USB (WLA-2102 v1)</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Sitecom WL-365</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>Solwise NET-WL-UMD-606N</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>TP-LINK TL-WN722N v2</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>TP-LINK TL-WN723N v3</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>TP-LINK TL-WN725N v2</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>TP-LINK TL-WN821N</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>TP-LINK TL-WN822N v4</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>TP-LINK TL-WN823N v2</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
- <dt>TRENDnet TEW-648UBM</dt>
- <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="EXAMPLES"><a class="permalink" href="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The following <a class="Xr">ifconfig.if(5)</a> example configures
- urtwn0 to join whatever network is available on boot, using WEP key
- &#x201C;0x1deadbeef1&#x201D;, channel 11, obtaining an IP address using
- DHCP:</p>
-<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
-<pre>nwkey 0x1deadbeef1 chan 11
-dhcp</pre>
-</div>
-<p class="Pp">Join an existing BSS network, &#x201C;my_net&#x201D;:</p>
-<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
-<pre># ifconfig urtwn0 192.168.1.1 netmask 0xffffff00 nwid my_net</pre>
-</div>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="DIAGNOSTICS"><a class="permalink" href="#DIAGNOSTICS">DIAGNOSTICS</a></h1>
-<dl class="Bl-diag">
- <dt>urtwn%d: error %d, could not read firmware %s</dt>
- <dd>For some reason, the driver was unable to read the microcode file from the
- filesystem. The file might be missing or corrupted.</dd>
- <dt>urtwn%d: device timeout</dt>
- <dd>A frame dispatched to the hardware for transmission did not complete in
- time. The driver will reset the hardware. This should not happen.</dd>
-</dl>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
- ALSO</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr">arp(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">netintro(4)</a>,
- <a class="Xr">usb(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">ifconfig.if(5)</a>,
- <a class="Xr">wpa_supplicant.conf(5)</a>, <a class="Xr">ifconfig(8)</a>,
- <a class="Xr">wpa_supplicant(8)</a></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="permalink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">urtwn</code> device driver first appeared in
- <span class="Ux">OpenBSD 4.9</span> and in <span class="Ux">NetBSD
- 6.0</span>.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="AUTHORS"><a class="permalink" href="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">urtwn</code> driver was written by
- <span class="An">Damien Bergamini</span> &#x27E8;damien@openbsd.org&#x27E9;
- for <span class="Ux">OpenBSD</span> and ported to
- <span class="Ux">NetBSD</span> by <span class="An">NONAKA Kimihiro</span>
- &#x27E8;nonaka@NetBSD.org&#x27E9;.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="CAVEATS"><a class="permalink" href="#CAVEATS">CAVEATS</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">urtwn</code> driver does not support any of
- the 802.11n capabilities offered by the adapters. Additional work is
- required in <a class="Xr">ieee80211(9)</a> before those features can be
- supported.</p>
-</section>
-</div>
-<table class="foot">
- <tr>
- <td class="foot-date">May 26, 2024</td>
- <td class="foot-os">NetBSD 10.1</td>
- </tr>
-</table>