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authorJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-26 16:38:00 -0400
committerJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-26 16:38:00 -0400
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treeb460cd850d0537eb71806ba30358840377b27688 /static/v10/man7/map.7
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-.TH MAP 7
-.CT 1 inst_info
-.SH NAME
-map \- draw maps on various projections
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.B map
-.I projection
-[
-.I param ...
-]
-[
-.I option ...
-]
-.PP
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.I Map
-prepares on the standard output a
-map suitable for display by any
-plotting filter described in
-.IR plot (1).
-A menu of projections is produced in response to an unknown
-.IR projection .
-For the meanings of
-.I params
-pertinent to particular projections
-see
-.IR proj (3).
-.PP
-The default data for
-.I map
-are world shorelines.
-Option
-.B -f
-accesses the higher-resolution World Data Bank II.
-.TP
-.BR -f " [ \fIfeature\fR ... ]"
-Features are ranked 1 (default) to 4 from major to minor.
-Higher-numbered ranks include all lower-numbered ones.
-Features are
-.RS
-.TF country[1-3]
-.TP
-.BR shore [ 1 - 4 ]
-seacoasts, lakes, and islands; in the absence of
-.BR -m ,
-option
-.B -f
-automatically includes
-.B shore1
-.TP
-.BR ilake [ 1 - 2 ]
-intermittent lakes
-.TP
-.BR river [ 1 - 4 ]
-rivers
-.TP
-.BR iriver [ 1 - 3 ]
-intermittent rivers
-.TP
-.BR canal [ 1 - 3 ]
-.BR 3 =irrigation
-canals
-.TP
-.BR glacier
-.TP
-.BR iceshelf [ 12 ]
-.TP
-.BR reef
-.TP
-.BR saltpan [ 12 ]
-.TP
-.BR country [ 1 - 3 ]
-.BR 2 =disputed
-boundaries,
-.BR 3 =indefinite
-boundaries
-.TP
-.BR state
-states and provinces (US and Canada only)
-.PD
-.RE
-.PP
-In other options
-coordinates are in degrees, with north latitude
-and west longitude counted as positive.
-.TP 0
-.BI -l " S N E W"
-Set the southern and northern latitude
-and the eastern and western longitude limits.
-Missing arguments are filled out from the list
-\-90, 90, \-180, 180.
-.TP
-.BI -k " S N E W
-Set the scale as if for a map with limits
-.B -l
-.I "S N E W"
-and no
-.B -w
-option.
-.TP
-.BI -o " lat lon rot"
-Orient the map in a nonstandard position.
-Imagine a transparent gridded sphere around the globe.
-Turn the overlay about the North Pole
-so that the Prime Meridian (longitude 0)
-of the overlay coincides with meridian
-.I lon
-on the globe.
-Then tilt the North Pole of the
-overlay along its Prime Meridian to latitude
-.I lat
-on the globe.
-Finally again turn the
-overlay about its `North Pole' so
-that its Prime Meridian coincides with the previous position
-of meridian
-.IR rot .
-Project the map in
-the standard form appropriate to the overlay, but presenting
-information from the underlying globe.
-Missing arguments are filled out from the list
-90, 0, 0.
-In the absence of
-.BR \-o ,
-the orientation is 90, 0,
-.I m,
-where
-.I m
-is the middle of the longitude range.
-.TP
-.BI -w " S N E W"
-Window the map by the specified latitudes
-and longitudes in the tilted, rotated coordinate system.
-Missing arguments are filled out from the list \-90, 90, \-180, 180.
-(It is wise to give an encompassing
-.B -l
-option with
-.BR -w .
-Otherwise for small windows computing time
-varies inversely with area!)
-.TP
-.BI -d " n"
-For speed, plot only every
-.IR n th
-point.
-.TP
-.B -r
-Reverse left and right
-(good for star charts and inside-out views).
-.br
-.ns
-.TP
-.B -s1
-.br
-.ns
-.TP
-.B -s2
-Superpose. Outputs for a
-.B -s1
-map (no closing) and a
-.B -s2
-map (no opening) may be concatenated.
-.TP
-.BI -g " dlat dlon res"
-Grid spacings are
-.I dlat,
-.I dlon.
-Zero spacing means no grid.
-Missing
-.I dlat
-is taken to be zero.
-Missing
-.I dlon
-is taken the same as
-.IR dlat .
-Grid lines are drawn to a resolution of
-.I res
-(2\(de or less by default).
-In the absence of
-.BR \-g ,
-grid spacing is 10\(de.
-.TP
-.BI -p " lat lon extent"
-Position the point
-.I lat, lon
-at the center of a square plotting area.
-Scale the map so that a side of the square is
-.I extent
-times the size of one degree of latitude
-at the center.
-By default maps are scaled and positioned
-to fit within the plotting area.
-An
-.I extent
-overrides option
-.BR -k .
-.TP
-.BI -c " x y rot"
-After all other positioning and scaling operations,
-rotate the image
-.I rot
-degrees counterclockwise about the center
-and move the center to position
-.I x, y,
-of the plotting area, whose nominal extent is
-.RI \-1 \(<= x \(<= 1,
-.RI \-1 \(<= y \(<= 1.
-The map is clipped to this area.
-Missing arguments are taken to be 0.
-.TP
-.BR -m " [ \fIfile\fP ... ]"
-Use
-map data from named files.
-If no files are named, omit map data.
-Files that cannot be found directly are looked up
-a standard directory, which contains, in addition to the
-data for
-.BR -f ,
-.RS
-.LP
-.TF counties
-.TP
-.B world
-World Data Bank I from CIA (default)
-.TP
-.B states
-US map from Census Bureau
-.TP
-.B counties
-US map from Census Bureau
-.PD
-.RE
-.IP
-The environment variables
-.B MAP
-and
-.B MAPDIR
-change the default
-map and default directory.
-.TP
-.BI -b " \fR[ \fPlat1 lon1 lat2 lon2 \fR... ]"
-Suppress the drawing of the normal boundary
-(defined by options
-.BR -l
-and
-.BR -w ).
-Coordinates, if present, define the vertices of a
-polygon to which the map is clipped.
-If only two vertices are given, they are taken to be the
-diagonal of a rectangle.
-To draw the polygon, give its vertices as a
-.B -u
-track.
-.TP
-.BI -t " file ..."
-The arguments name ASCII files that
-contain lists of points,
-given as latitude-longitude pairs in degrees.
-If the first file is named
-.LR - ,
-the standard input is taken instead.
-The points of each list are plotted as connected `tracks'.
-.IP
-Points in a track file may be followed by label strings.
-A label breaks the track.
-A label may be prefixed by
-\f5"\fR,
-.LR : ,
-or
-.L !
-and is terminated by a newline.
-An unprefixed string or a string prefixed with
-.L
-"
-is displayed at the designated point.
-The first word of a
-.L :
-or
-.L !
-string names a special symbol (see option
-.BR -y ).
-An optional numerical second word is a scale factor
-for the size of the symbol, 1 by default.
-A
-.L :
-symbol is aligned with its top to the north; a
-.L !
-symbol is aligned vertically on the page.
-.TP
-.BI -u " file ..."
-Same as
-.BR -t ,
-except the tracks are
-unbroken lines.
-.RB ( -t
-tracks are dot-dash lines.)
-.TP
-.BI -y " file
-The
-.I file
-contains
-.IR plot (5)-style
-data for
-.L :
-or
-.L !
-labels in
-.B -t
-or
-.B -u
-files.
-Each symbol is defined by a comment
-.BI : name
-then a sequence of
-.L m
-and
-.L v
-commands.
-Coordinates (0,0) fall on the plotting point.
-Default scaling is as if the nominal plotting range were
-.LR "ra -1 -1 1 1" ;
-.L ra
-commands in
-.I file
-change the scaling.
-.SH EXAMPLES
-.TP
-.L
-map perspective 1.025 -o 40.75 74
-A view looking down on New York from 100 miles
-(0.025 of the 4000-mile earth radius).
-The job can be done faster by limiting the map so as not to `plot'
-the invisible part of the world:
-.LR "map perspective 1.025 -o 40.75 74 -l 20 60 30 100".
-A circular border can be forced by adding option
-.LR "-w 77.33" .
-(Latitude 77.33\(de falls just inside a polar cap of
-opening angle arccos(1/1.025) = 12.6804\(de.)
-.TP
-.L
-map mercator -o 49.25 -106 180
-A map whose `equator' is a great circle pasing east-west
-through New York.
-The pole of the map is placed 90\(de away (40.75+49.25=90)
-on the
-other side of the earth.
-A 180\(de twist around the pole of the map arranges that the
-Prime Meridian of the map runs from the pole of the
-map over the North Pole to New York
-instead of down the back side of the earth.
-The same effect can be had from
-.L
-map mercator -o 130.75 74
-.TP
-.L
-map albers 28 45 -l 20 50 60 130 -m states
-A customary curved-latitude map of the United States.
-.TP
-.L
-map albers 28 45 -l 20 50 60 130 -y yfile -t tfile
-An example of tracks, labels, and symbols.
-Arrows at New York and Miami are 8% and 12%
-as long as the map is wide.
-The contents of
-.L yfile
-and
-.L tfile
-are
-.nf
-.ft L
-.ta 3i
-ra -50 -50 50 50 25.77 80.20 :arrow 12
-:arrow 25.77 80.20 Miami
-m -1 0 25.77 80.20
-v 0 0 35.00 74.02
-v -.6 .3 40.67 74.02 !arrow 8
-m -.6 -.3 40.67 74.02 " New York
-v 0 0 34.05 118.25 Los Angeles
-.ft
-.TP
-.L
-map harrison 2 30 -l -90 90 120 240 -o 90 0 0
-A fan view covering 60\(de on either
-side of the Date Line, as seen from one earth radius
-above the North Pole gazing at the
-earth's limb, which is 30\(de off vertical.
-Option
-.B -o
-overrides the default
-.BR "-o 90 0 180" ,
-which would rotate
-the scene to behind the observer.
-.SH FILES
-All files in directory $MAPDIR
-.TF counties
-.TP
-.F [1-4]??
-World Data Bank II for option
-.B -f
-.TP
-.BR world , states , counties
-default and other maps for option
-.B -m
-.TP
-.F *.x
-map indexes
-.TP
-.F map
-the program proper
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-.IR map (5),
-.IR proj (3),
-.IR plot (1)
-.SH DIAGNOSTICS
-`Map seems to be empty'\(ema coarse survey found
-zero extent within the
-.B -l
-and
-.BR -w
-bounds; for maps of limited extent
-the grid resolution,
-.I res,
-or the limits may have to be refined.
-.SH BUGS
-The syntax of range specifications in
-.B -y
-files differs from that in options.
-.br
-Windows (option
-.BR -w )
-cannot cross the Date Line.
-.br
-No borders appear along edges arising from
-visibility limits.
-.br
-Segments that cross a border are dropped, not clipped.
-.br
-Certain very long line segments are dropped on the assumption
-that they were intended to go the other way around the world.
-.br
-Automatic scaling may miss the extreme points of
-peculiarly shaped maps; use option
-.B -p
-to recover.
-.br
-Although
-.I map
-draws grid lines dotted and
-.B -t
-tracks dot-dashed, many plotting filters
-cannot cope and make them solid.