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-.TH EXEC 2
-.CT 2 proc_man
-.SH NAME
-execl, execv, execle, execve, execlp, execvp, exect, environ \(mi execute a file
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.nf
-.B int "execl(name, arg0, arg1, ..., argn, (char *)0)"
-.B char *name, *arg0, *arg1, ..., *argn;
-.PP
-.B int execv(name, argv)
-.B char *name, *argv[];
-.PP
-.B "int execle(name, arg0, arg1, ..., argn, (char *)0, envp)"
-.B "char *name, *arg0, *arg1, ..., *argn, *envp[];"
-.PP
-.B int execve(name, argv, envp)
-.B char *name, *argv[], *envp[];
-.PP
-.B int "execlp(name, arg0, arg1, ..., argn, (char *)0)"
-.B char *name, *arg0, *arg1, ..., *argn;
-.PP
-.B int execvp(name, argv)
-.B char *name, *argv[];
-.PP
-.B int exect(name, argv, envp)
-.B char *name, *argv[], *envp[];
-.PP
-.B extern char **environ;
-.fi
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.I Exec
-in all its forms
-overlays the calling process with the named file, then
-transfers to the
-entry point of the image of the file.
-There can be no return from a successful
-.IR exec ;
-the calling image is lost.
-.PP
-Files remain open across
-.I exec
-unless explicit arrangement has been made;
-see
-.IR ioctl (2).
-Signals that are caught (see
-.IR signal (2))
-are reset
-to their default values.
-Other signals' behavior is unchanged.
-.PP
-Each user has a
-.I real
-userid and groupid and an
-.I effective
-userid and groupid.
-The real userid (groupid)
-identifies the person using the system;
-the effective userid (groupid)
-determines access privileges.
-.I Exec
-changes the effective userid and groupid to
-the owner of the executed file if the file has the set-userid
-or set-groupid modes.
-The real userid is not affected.
-.PP
-The security label (see
-.IR getflab (2))
-of the process is set as follows.
-If any arguments or environment parameters are present,
-or if and file descriptor numbers greater than 3 are in use,
-the lattice value of the process label
-is ascribed to them, otherwise lattice bottom.
-This value is ORed with the lattice value of
-the executed file to obtain the new lattice value for the process.
-If the new lattice value does not dominate the old,รย
-the permission mask (see
-.IR umask (2))
-is set to 022.
-.PP
-Process licenses persist.
-In the simplest case, the process obtains from the
-file the capabilities
-for which the process has licenses; see
-.IR getplab (2).
-The detailed computation for process capabilities is: 
-Nominal capabilities are determined
-by ANDing the file capabilities with the 
-capabilities in the file system ceiling (see
-.IR mount (2))
-and then ORing with built-in minima.
-Nominal licenses are determined by ANDing the file licenses 
-with the licenses in the file system
-ceiling and with built-in maxima.
-Process capabilities are set by ORing the
-process licenses with the nominal licenses, then ANDing
-with the nominal capabilities.
-.PP
-The builtin minimum file capabilities are all 0.
-The builtin maximum file licenses for
-.B T_SETPRIV
-and
-.B T_LOG
-are 0; the rest are 1.
-.B 
-.PP
-The
-.I name
-argument
-is a pointer to the name of the file
-to be executed.
-If the first two bytes of that file are the ASCII
-characters
-.LR #! ,
-then the first line of the file is taken to be ASCII and
-determines the name of the program to execute.
-The first nonblank string following
-.L #!
-in that line is substituted for
-.I name.
-Any second string, separated from the first by blanks or tabs,
-is inserted between
-the first two arguments (arguments 0 and 1) passed to the invoked file.
-.PP
-The argument pointers
-.I arg0, arg1, ...
-or the pointers in
-.I argv
-address null-terminated strings.
-Conventionally argument 0
-is the name of the
-file.
-.PP
-.I Execl
-is useful when a known file with known arguments is
-being called;
-the arguments to
-.I execl
-are the character strings
-constituting the file and the arguments.
-.PP
-.I Execv
-is useful when the number of arguments is unknown
-in advance;
-the arguments to
-.I execv
-are the name of the file to be
-executed and a vector of strings containing
-the arguments.
-The last argument string must be followed
-by a 0
-pointer.
-.PP
-When a C program is executed,
-it is called as follows:
-.IP
-.EX
-main(argc, argv, envp)
-int argc;
-char **argv, **envp;
-.EE
-.PP
-where
-.IR argc ""
-is the argument count
-and
-.IR argv ""
-is an array of character pointers
-to the arguments themselves.
-Conventionally
-.I argc
-is at least 1
-and 
-.B argv[0]
-points to
-the name of the file.
-.PP
-.I Argv
-is directly usable in another
-.I execv
-because
-.BR argv[argc]==0 .
-.PP
-.I Envp
-is a pointer to an array of strings that constitute
-the
-.I environment
-of the process.
-Each string conventionally consists of a name, an
-.LR = ,
-and a null-terminated value;
-or a name, a pair of parentheses
-.LR (),
-a value bracketed by
-.L {
-and
-.LR } ,
-and a null character.
-The array of pointers is terminated by a null pointer.
-The shell
-.IR sh (1)
-passes an environment entry for each global shell variable
-defined when the program is called.
-See
-.IR environ (5)
-for some conventionally
-used names.
-.PP
-The C run-time start-off routine places a copy of
-.I envp
-in the global cell
-.I environ,
-which is used
-by
-.I execv
-and
-.I execl
-to pass the environment to any subprograms executed by the
-current program.
-The
-.I exec
-routines use lower-level routines as follows
-to pass an environment explicitly:
-.IP
-.nf
-\fLexecve(file, argv, environ);
-execle(file, arg0, arg1, . . . , argn, (char *)0, environ);\fP
-.fi
-.PP
-.I Execlp
-and
-.I execvp
-are called with the same arguments as
-.I execl
-and
-.I execv,
-but duplicate the shell's actions in searching for an executable
-file in a list of directories given in the
-.B PATH
-environment variable.
-.PP
-.I Exect
-is the same as
-.I execve,
-except it arranges for a stop to occur on the first instruction
-of the new core image for the benefit of tracers, see
-.IR proc (4).
-.SH FILES
-.TF /bin/sh
-.TP
-.F /bin/sh
-shell, invoked if command file found
-by
-.I execlp
-or
-.I execvp
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-.IR fork (2), 
-.IR environ (5)
-.SH DIAGNOSTICS
-.BR E2BIG ,
-.BR EACCES ,
-.BR EFAULT ,
-.BR EIO ,
-.BR ELAB ,
-.BR ELOOP ,
-.BR ENOENT ,
-.BR ENOEXEC ,
-.BR ENOMEM ,
-.BR ENOTDIR ,
-.BR ENXIO ,
-.BR EROFS ,
-.BR ETXTBSY
-.SH BUGS
-If
-.I execvp
-is called to execute a file that turns out to be a shell
-command file,
-and if it is impossible to execute the shell,
-some of the values in
-.I argv
-may be modified before return.
-.br
-The path search of
-.I execlp
-and
-.I execvp
-does not extend to names substituted by
-.LR #! .