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authorJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-26 16:38:00 -0400
committerJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-26 16:38:00 -0400
commit97d5c458cfa039d857301e1ca7d5af3beb37131d (patch)
treeb460cd850d0537eb71806ba30358840377b27688 /static/v10/man1/patch.1
parentb89dc2331a50c63f8b33272a5c4c61ab98abdaa3 (diff)
build: Better Build System
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-''' $Header: patch.man,v 1.3 85/03/26 15:11:06 lwall Exp $
-'''
-''' $Log: patch.man,v $
-''' Revision 1.3 85/03/26 15:11:06 lwall
-''' Frozen.
-'''
-''' Revision 1.2.1.4 85/03/12 16:14:27 lwall
-''' Documented -p.
-'''
-''' Revision 1.2.1.3 85/03/12 16:09:41 lwall
-''' Documented -D.
-'''
-''' Revision 1.2.1.2 84/12/05 11:06:55 lwall
-''' Added -l switch, and noted bistability bug.
-'''
-''' Revision 1.2.1.1 84/12/04 17:23:39 lwall
-''' Branch for sdcrdcf changes.
-'''
-''' Revision 1.2 84/12/04 17:22:02 lwall
-''' Baseline version.
-'''
-.de Sh
-.br
-.ne 5
-.PP
-\fB\\$1\fR
-.PP
-..
-.de Sp
-.if t .sp .5v
-.if n .sp
-..
-'''
-''' Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash;
-''' string Tr holds user defined translation string.
-''' Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character.
-'''
-.ie n \{\
-.tr \(bs-\*(Tr
-.ds -- \(bs-
-.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(bs\h'-12u'\(bs\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
-.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(bs\h'-12u'\(bs\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
-.ds L" ""
-.ds R" ""
-.ds L' '
-.ds R' '
-'br\}
-.el\{\
-.ds -- \(em\|
-.tr \*(Tr
-.ds L" ``
-.ds R" ''
-.ds L' `
-.ds R' '
-'br\}
-.TH PATCH 1 "May 10, 1986" "Systems Development Corp"
-.SH NAME
-patch \- a program for applying a diff file to an original
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.B patch
-[options] orig diff [+ [options] orig]
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.I Patch
-will take a patch file containing any of the three forms of difference
-listing produced by the
-.I diff
-program and apply those differences to an original file, producing a patched
-version.
-By default, the patched version is put in place of the original, with
-the original file backed up to the same name with the
-extension \*(L".orig\*(R", or as specified by the
-.B -b
-switch.
-You may also specify where you want the output to go with a
-.B -o
-switch.
-If
-.I diff
-is omitted, or is a hyphen, the patch will be read from standard input.
-.PP
-Upon startup, patch will attempt to determine the type of the diff file,
-unless over-ruled by a
-.BR -c ,
-.BR -e ,
-or
-.B -n
-switch.
-Context diffs and normal diffs are applied by the
-.I patch
-program itself, while ed diffs are simply fed to the
-.I ed
-editor via a pipe.
-.PP
-.I Patch
-will try to skip any leading garbage, apply the diff,
-and then skip any trailing garbage.
-Thus you could feed an article or message containing a context or normal
-diff to
-.IR patch ,
-and it should work.
-If the entire diff is indented by a consistent amount,
-this will be taken into account.
-.PP
-With context diffs, and to a lesser extent with normal diffs,
-.I patch
-can detect when the line numbers mentioned in the patch are incorrect,
-and will attempt to find the correct place to apply each hunk of the patch.
-As a first guess, it takes the line number mentioned for the hunk, plus or
-minus any offset used in applying the previous hunk.
-If that is not the correct place,
-.I patch
-will scan both forwards and backwards for a set of lines matching the context
-given in the hunk.
-All lines of the context must match.
-If
-.I patch
-cannot find a place to install that hunk of the patch, it will put the
-hunk out to a reject file, which normally is the name of the output file
-plus \*(L".rej\*(R".
-(Note that the rejected hunk will come out in context diff form whether the
-input patch was a context diff or a normal diff.
-If the input was a normal diff, many of the contexts will simply be null.)
-.PP
-If no original file is specified on the command line,
-.I patch
-will try to figure out from the leading garbage what the name of the file
-to edit is.
-In the header of a context diff, the filename is found from lines beginning
-with \*(L"***\*(R" or \*(L"---\*(R", with the shortest name of an existing
-file winning.
-Only context diffs have lines like that, but if there is an \*(L"Index:\*(R"
-line in the leading garbage,
-.I patch
-will try to use the filename from that line.
-The context diff header takes precedence over an Index line.
-If no filename can be intuited from the leading garbage, you will be asked
-for the name of the file to patch.
-.PP
-(If the original file cannot be found, but a suitable SCCS or RCS file is
-handy,
-.I patch
-will attempt to get or check out the file.)
-.PP
-Additionally, if the leading garbage contains a \*(L"Prereq: \*(R" line,
-.I patch
-will take the first word from the prerequisites line (normally a version
-number) and check the input file to see if that word can be found.
-If not,
-.I patch
-will ask for confirmation before proceeding.
-.PP
-The upshot of all this is that you should be able to say, while in a news
-interface, the following:
-.Sp
- | patch -d /usr/src/local/blurfl
-.Sp
-and patch a file in the blurfl directory directly from the article containing
-the patch.
-.PP
-If the patch file contains more than one patch,
-.I patch
-will try to apply each of them as if they came from separate patch files.
-This means, among other things, that it is assumed that separate patches
-will apply to separate files, and that the garbage before each patch will
-be examined for interesting things such as filenames and revision level, as
-mentioned previously.
-You can give switches (and another original file name) for the second and
-subsequent patches by separating the corresponding argument lists
-by a \*(L'+\*(R'.
-The argument list for a second or subsequent patch may not specify a new
-patch file, however.
-.PP
-.I Patch
-recognizes the following switches:
-.TP 5
-.B \-b
-causes the next argument to be interpreted as the backup extension, to be
-used in place of \*(L".orig\*(R".
-.TP 5
-.B \-c
-forces
-.I patch
-to interpret the patch file as a context diff.
-.TP 5
-.B \-d
-causes
-.I patch
-to interpret the next argument as a directory, and cd to it before doing
-anything else.
-.TP 5
-.B \-D
-causes
-.I patch
-to use the "#ifdef...#endif" construct to mark changes.
-The argument following will be used as the differentiating symbol.
-Note that, unlike the C compiler, there must be a space between the
-.B \-D
-and the argument.
-.TP 5
-.B \-e
-forces
-.I patch
-to interpret the patch file as an ed script.
-.TP 5
-.B \-l
-causes the pattern matching to be done loosely, in case the tabs and
-spaces have been munged in you input file.
-Any sequence of whitespace in the pattern line will match any sequence
-in the input file.
-Normal characters must still match exactly.
-Each line of the context must still match a line in the input file.
-.TP 5
-.B \-n
-forces
-.I patch
-to interpret the patch file as a normal diff.
-.TP 5
-.B \-N
-forces patch to not try and reverse the diffs if it thinks that they may have
-been swapped. See the
-.B \-R
-option below.
-.TP 5
-.B \-o
-causes the next argument to be interpreted as the output file name.
-.TP 5
-.B \-p
-causes leading pathnames to be kept.
-If the diff is of the file \*(lqb/a.c\*(rq, patch will look for \*(lqa.c\*(rq
-in the \*(lqb\*(rq directory, instead of the current directory.
-This probably won't work if the diff has rooted pathnames.
-.TP 5
-.B \-r
-causes the next argument to be interpreted as the reject file name.
-.TP 5
-.B \-R
-tells
-.I patch
-that this patch was created with the old and new files swapped.
-(Yes, I'm afraid that does happen occasionally, human nature being what it
-is.)
-.I Patch
-will attempt to swap each hunk around before applying it.
-Rejects will come out in the swapped format.
-The
-.B \-R
-switch will not work with ed diff scripts because there is too little
-information to reconstruct the reverse operation.
-.Sp
-If the first hunk of a patch fails,
-.I patch
-will reverse the hunk to see if it can be applied that way unless the
-.B \-N
-option is supplied.
-If it can, the
-.B \-R
-switch will be set automatically.
-If it can't, the patch will continue to be applied normally.
-(Note: this method cannot detect a reversed patch if it is a normal diff
-and if the first command is an append (i.e. it should have been a delete)
-since appends always succeed.
-Luckily, most patches add lines rather than delete them, so most reversed
-normal diffs will begin with a delete, which will fail, triggering the
-heuristic.)
-.TP 5
-.B \-s
-makes
-.I patch
-do its work silently, unless an error occurs.
-.TP 5
-.B \-x<number>
-sets internal debugging flags, and is of interest only to
-.I patch
-patchers.
-.SH ENVIRONMENT
-No environment variables are used by
-.IR patch .
-.SH FILES
-/tmp/patch*
-.SH SEE ALSO
-diff(1)
-.SH DIAGNOSTICS
-Too many to list here, but generally indicative that
-.I patch
-couldn't parse your patch file.
-.PP
-The message \*(L"Hmm...\*(R" indicates that there is unprocessed text in
-the patch file and that
-.I patch
-is attempting to intuit whether there is a patch in that text and, if so,
-what kind of patch it is.
-.SH CAVEATS
-.I Patch
-cannot tell if the line numbers are off in an ed script, and can only detect
-bad line numbers in a normal diff when it finds a \*(L"change\*(R" command.
-Until a suitable interactive interface is added, you should probably do
-a context diff in these cases to see if the changes made sense.
-Of course, compiling without errors is a pretty good indication that it
-worked, but not always.
-.PP
-.I Patch
-usually produces the correct results, even when it has to do a lot of
-guessing.
-However, the results are guaranteed to be correct only when the patch is
-applied to exactly the same version of the file that the patch was
-generated from.
-.SH BUGS
-Could be smarter about partial matches, excessively \&deviant offsets and
-swapped code, but that would take an extra pass.
-.PP
-If code has been duplicated (for instance with #ifdef OLDCODE ... #else ...
-#endif),
-.I patch
-is incapable of patching both versions, and, if it works at all, will likely
-patch the wrong one, and tell you it succeeded to boot.
-.PP
-If you apply a patch you've already applied,
-.I patch
-will think it is a reversed patch, and un-apply the patch.
-This could be construed as a feature.