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authorJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-26 16:38:00 -0400
committerJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-26 16:38:00 -0400
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treeb460cd850d0537eb71806ba30358840377b27688 /static/v10/man1/mc68ld.1
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-.\" @(#) ld.1: 2.3 11/17/83
-.ds ZZ DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE
-.TH MC68LD 1 "630 MTG"
-.SH NAME
-mc68ld \- link editor for MC68000 object files
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-\f3mc68ld [\f1 options \f3]\f1 file-names
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-The
-.I mc68ld
-command
-combines several
-object files into one,
-performs relocation,
-resolves external symbols,
-and supports symbol table information
-for symbolic debugging.
-In the simplest case, the names of several object
-programs are given, and
-.I mc68ld
-combines them, producing
-an object module that can either be executed or
-used as input for a subsequent
-.I mc68ld
-run.
-The output of
-.I mc68ld
-is left in
-.BR mc68a.out .
-This file is executable
-if no errors occurred during the load.
-If any input file,
-.IR file-name ,
-is not an object file,
-.I mc68ld
-assumes it is either a text file containing link editor directives
-or an archive library.
-(See
-the \f2Link Editor\f1 in the \f2UNIX System V Support Tools
-Guide\f1 for a discussion of input directives.)
-.PP
-If any argument is a library, it is searched exactly once
-at the point it is encountered in the argument list.
-Only those routines defining an unresolved external
-reference are loaded.
-The order of library members is unimportant because
-\fImc68ld\fR passes through each library's (archive) symbol
-table as many times as necessary until no new
-external symbols are resolved and no new references are generated.
-.PP
-The following options are recognized by
-.IR mc68ld .
-.TP \w'\fB\-u\fP\ symname\ \ 'u
-.if !'mc68'' \{\
-.B \-a
-Produces an absolute file; gives warnings for undefined references.
-Relocation information is stripped from the output object file
-unless the
-.B \-r
-option is given. The
-.B \-r
-option is needed only when an absolute file should retain its
-relocation information (the normal case for the 630 MTG
-downloaded programs).
-If neither
-.BR \-a " nor " \-r
-is given,
-.B \-a
-is assumed.
-\}
-.TP
-.BR \-e " epsym"
-Sets the default entry point address for the output file to be that of
-the symbol
-.IR epsym .
-.if \nF \{\
-This option forces the
-.B \-X
-option to be set. \}
-.TP
-.BR \-f " fill"
-Sets the default fill pattern for ``holes'' within
-an output section as well as initialized bss sections.
-The argument \fIfill\fP is a two-byte constant.
-.if 'mc68'b16' \{\
-.TP
-.B \-i
-This option specifies that separate ``I'' and ``D'' space are to be
-generated.
-.B \-i
-has no effect if
-.B \-tv
-is given.
-This allows 64K of instructions and 64K of data.
-'br \}
-.if 'mc68'x86' \{\
-.TP
-.B \-i
-This option specifies that separate ``I'' and ``D'' space is to be
-generated.
-The option
-.B \-i
-has no effect if
-.B \-tv
-is given.
-This allows up to 1 MB of text and 1 MB of data.
-'br \}
-.ie \nD \{\
-.TP
-.BR \-l "x"
-Searchs a library
-.BI lib x .a,
-where \fIx\fR is up to seven characters.
-A library is searched when its name is encountered,
-so the placement of a \fB\-l\fR
-is significant.
-By default, libraries are located in
-.ie 'mc68''
-.BR /lib.
-.el $DMD/lib.
-'br \}
-.el \{\
-.TP
-.BI \-l x
-Searches a library
-.BI lib x .a,
-where \fIx\fR is up to seven characters.
-A library is searched when its name is encountered,
-so the placement of a \fB\-l\fR
-is significant.
-By default, libraries are located in
-.ie 'mc68'' /lib and /usr/lib.
-.el $DMD/lib .
-'br \}
-.TP
-.B \-m
-Produces a map or listing of the input/output sections
-on the standard output.
-.TP
-.BR \-o " outfile"
-Produces an output object file by the name
-.IR outfile .
-The name of the default object file is
-.BR mc68a.out .
-.TP
-.B \-r
-Retains relocation entries in
-the output object file.
-Relocation entries must be saved if the
-output file is to become an input file in a
-subsequent
-.I mc68ld
-run.
-.ie 'mc68'' The
-.el \{\
-Unless
-.B \-a
-is also given, the
-\}
-link editor will not complain about
-unresolved references.
-.TP
-.B \-s
-Strips line number entries and
-symbol table information
-from the output object file.
-.if \nG \{\
-.TP
-.B \-t
-Turns off the warning about multiply defined symbols that are
-not the same size.
-'br \}
-.if \nC \{\
-.TP
-.B \-tv
-Transfer vector object files are expected.
-When libraries are searched with this option,
-component object modules with the wrong magic
-number are ignored (as are transfer vector modules
-when
-.B \-tv
-is not given).
-The default is
-.I no
-transfer vectors.
-'br \}
-.TP
-.BR \-u " symname"
-Enters \fIsymname\fP as an undefined symbol
-in the symbol table.
-This is useful
-for loading entirely from a library, since initially the symbol
-table is empty and an unresolved reference is needed
-to force the loading of the first routine.
-.\" .if \nG \{\
-.\" .TP
-.\" .B \-x
-.\" Do not preserve local (non-.globl) symbols in the output symbol
-.\" table; enter external and static symbols only. This option saves
-.\" some space in the output file.
-.\" 'br \}
-.if \nH \{\
-.TP
-.B \-z
-Do not bind anything to address zero. This option will catch null
-pointers.
-.TP
-.B \-F
-Allows the object module to be paged.
-'br \}
-.TP
-.BR \-L " dir"
-Changes the algorithm of searching for
-.BI lib x .a
-to look in
-.IR dir
-before looking in $DMD/lib.
-This option is effective only if it precedes the
-.B \-l
-option on the command line.
-.if \nG \{\
-.TP
-.B \-M
-Outputs a message for each multiply defined external definition.
-'br \}
-.TP
-.B \-N
-Puts the data section immediately following the text in the output file.
-.TP
-.B \-V
-Outputs a message giving information about the version of mc68ld
-being used.
-.TP
-.BR \-VS " num"
-Uses
-\f2num\f1
-as a decimal version stamp
-identifying the
-.BR mc68a.out
-file that is produced. The version
-stamp is stored in the optional header.
-.if \nF \{\
-.TP
-.B \-X
-Generates a standard UNIX file header within the ``optional header''
-field in the output file.
-'br \}
-.DT
-.br
-.DT
-.SH FILES
-.PD 0
-.TP 25
-.ie 'mc68'' /lib/lib\fI?\fR.a
-.el $DMD/lib/lib\fI?\fR.a
-libraries
-.if 'mc68'' \{\
-.TP 25
-/usr/lib/lib?.a
-libraries
-\}
-.TP 25
-mc68a.out
-output file
-.PD
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-dmdcc(1), mc68as(1).
-.br
-a.out(4), ar(4) in the \f2UNIX System V Programmer's
-Reference Manual\f1.
-.bp
-.SH WARNINGS
-Through its options and input directives, the Motorola 68000 link editor gives
-users great flexibility;
-however, those who use the input directives must assume
-some added responsibilities.
-Input directives and options should insure the following properties
-for programs:
-.if 'mc68'b16' \{\
-.IP \- 5
-C programs must have data
-.RB ( .data "), bss (" .bss ),
-and stack space in one 64K byte region.
-Stack space
-.I must
-be provided.
-'br \}
-.IP \- 5
-C defines a zero pointer as null.
-A pointer to which zero has been assigned must
-not point to any object.
-To satisfy this, users must not place any object
-at virtual address zero in the data space.
-.tr ~
-.IP \- 5
-When the link editor is called through
-.IR dmdcc (1),
-a startup routine is linked with the user's program. This
-routine usually calls exit(~) [see
-.IR exit (3R)]
-after execution of the main program. If the user
-calls the link editor directly, then the user must insure that
-the program always calls exit(~) rather than falling through the
-end of the entry routine.
-.if 'mc68'b16' \{\
-.IP \- 5
-Without a transfer vector, all text (code)
-must reside within a single 64K-byte area.
-Transfer vector function linkage removes this
-restriction.
-.PP
-By default, the link editor takes care of these
-things.
-Specifying regions or defining sections with names other
-than
-.BR .bss ", " .data ", " .text ", or"
-.B .tv
-can decrease the link editor's ability to do these
-automatically.
-In general, users should not specify regions when the
-program uses a transfer vector.
-'br \}
-.if \nC \{\
-.SH BUGS
-.I mc68ld
-can not currently create transfer vector symbols.
-Thus no symbols created through assignment in an
-input directive will be given an entry in the transfer vector.
-In particular, this means the entry point of a program
-can not be redefined by assignment to
-.BR main .
-Unsuspecting users who create such a symbol and expect it
-to be in the transfer vector receive an obscure error
-message about an invalid transfer vector relocation reference.
-'br \}
-.PP
-The
-\f3\-VS\f1 \f2num\f1
-option has an effect only when the
-.B "\-X"
-option is also selected.