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authorJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-26 16:38:00 -0400
committerJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-26 16:38:00 -0400
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-.TH JOIN 1
-.CT 1 files
-.SH NAME
-join \(mi relational database operator
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.B join
-[
-.I options
-]
-.I file1 file2
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.I Join
-forms, on the standard output,
-a join
-of the two relations specified by the lines of
-.I file1
-and
-.IR file2 .
-If one of the file names is
-.LR - ,
-the standard input is used.
-.PP
-.I File1
-and
-.I file2
-must be sorted in increasing
-.SM ASCII
-collating
-sequence on the fields
-on which they are to be joined,
-normally the first in each line.
-.PP
-There is one line in the output
-for each pair of lines in
-.I file1
-and
-.I file2
-that have identical join fields.
-The output line normally consists of the common field,
-then the rest of the line from
-.IR file1 ,
-then the rest of the line from
-.IR file2 .
-.PP
-Input fields are normally separated spaces or tabs;
-output fields by space.
-In this case, multiple separators count as one, and
-leading separators are discarded.
-.PP
-The following options are recognized, with Posix syntax.
-.TP
-.BI -a " n
-In addition to the normal output,
-produce a line for each unpairable line in file
-.IR n ,
-where
-.I n
-is 1 or 2.
-.TP
-.BI -v " n
-Like
-.BI -a ,
-omitting output for paired lines.
-.TP
-.BI -e " s
-Replace empty output fields by string
-.IR s .
-.TP
-.BI -1 " m
-.br
-.ns
-.TP
-.BI -2 " m
-Join on the
-.IR m th
-field of
-.I file1
-or
-.I file2.
-.TP
-.BI -j "n m"
-Archaic equivalent for
-.BI - n " m.
-.TP
-.BI -o fields
-Each output line comprises the designated fields.
-The comma-separated field designators are either
-.BR 0 ,
-meaning the join field, or have the form
-.IR n . m ,
-where
-.I n
-is a file number and
-.I m
-is a field number.
-Archaic usage allows separate arguments for field designators.
-.PP
-.TP
-.BI -t c
-Use character
-.I c
-as the only separator (tab character) on input and output.
-Every appearance of
-.I c
-in a line is significant.
-.SH EXAMPLES
-.TP
-.L
-sort /etc/password | join -t: -a 1 -e "" - bdays
-Add birthdays to password information, leaving unknown
-birthdays empty.
-The layout of
-.F /etc/passwd
-is given in
-.IR passwd (5);
-.B bdays
-contains sorted lines like
-.LR "ken:Feb\ 4" .
-.TP
-.L
-tr : ' ' </etc/passwd | sort -k 3 3 >temp
-.br
-.ns
-.TP
-.L
-join -1 3 -2 3 -o 1.1,2.1 temp temp | awk '$1 < $2'
-Print all pairs of users with identical userids.
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-.IR sort (1),
-.IR comm (1),
-.IR awk (1)
-.SH BUGS
-With default field separation,
-the collating sequence is that of
-.BI "sort -b"
-.BI -k y , y,
-with
-.BR -t ,
-the sequence is that of
-.BI "sort -t" x
-.BI -k y , y.
-.br
-One of the files must be randomly accessible.
-