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authorJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-26 16:38:00 -0400
committerJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-26 16:38:00 -0400
commit97d5c458cfa039d857301e1ca7d5af3beb37131d (patch)
treeb460cd850d0537eb71806ba30358840377b27688 /static/v10/man1/eqn.1
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-.TH EQN 1
-.CT 1 writing_troff
-.EQ
-delim $$
-.EN
-.SH NAME
-eqn, neqn, checkeq \- typeset mathematics
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.B eqn
-[
-.I option ...
-]
-[
-.I file ...
-]
-.PP
-.B neqn
-[
-.I option ...
-]
-[
-.I file ...
-]
-.PP
-.B checkeq
-[
-.I file ...
-]
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.I Eqn
-is a
-.IR troff (1)
-preprocessor
-for typesetting mathematics
-on a phototypesetter,
-.I neqn
-on terminals.
-Usage is almost always
-.IP
-.L
-eqn file ... | troff
-.br
-.L
-neqn file ... | nroff
-.PP
-If no files are specified,
-these programs
-read from the standard input.
-.I Eqn
-prepares output for the typesetter
-named in the
-.BI -T dest
-option (Mergenthaler Linotron 202 default, see
-.IR troff (1)).
-When run with other preprocessor filters,
-.I eqn
-usually comes last.
-.PP
-A line beginning with
-.B .EQ
-marks the start of an equation;
-the end of an equation
-is marked by a line beginning with
-.BR .EN .
-Neither of these lines is altered,
-so they may be defined in macro packages
-to get
-centering, numbering, etc.
-It is also possible to set two characters
-as `delimiters';
-text between delimiters is also
-.I eqn
-input.
-Delimiters may be set to characters
-.I x
-and
-.I y
-with the option
-.BI -d xy
-or (more commonly) with
-.B delim
-.I xy
-between
-.B .EQ
-and
-.BR .EN .
-Left and right delimiters may be identical.
-(They are customarily taken to be
-$font CW "$$" )$.
-Delimiters are turned off by
-.LR "delim off" .
-All text that is neither between delimiters nor between
-.B .EQ
-and
-.B .EN
-is passed through untouched.
-.PP
-.I Checkeq
-reports missing or unbalanced delimiters and
-.BR .EQ / .EN
-pairs.
-.PP
-Tokens within
-.I eqn
-are separated by
-spaces, tabs, newlines, braces, double quotes,
-tildes or circumflexes.
-Braces {} are used for grouping;
-generally speaking,
-anywhere a single character like
-.L x
-could appear, a complicated construction
-enclosed in braces may be used instead.
-Tilde
-.L ~
-represents a full space in the output,
-circumflex
-.L ^
-half as much.
-.if t .ig
-.PP
-WARNING to users of the on-line manual.
-Unless your terminal understands half-spacing, the
-examples below will be nearly unreadable.
-To get a well printed copy execute
-.BR "man -t eqn | lp" .
-..
-.PP
-.vs 13p
-Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords
-.B sub
-and
-.B sup.
-Thus
-.L "x sub i"
-makes
-$x sub i$,
-.L "a sub i sup 2"
-produces
-$a sub i sup 2$,
-and
-.L "e sup {x sup 2 + y sup 2}"
-gives
-$e sup {x sup 2 + y sup 2}$.
-.PP
-Fractions are made with
-.BR over :
-.L "a over b"
-yields $a over b$.
-.PP
-.B sqrt
-makes square roots:
-.L "1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}"
-results in
-$1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}$ .
-.PP
-The keywords
-.B from
-and
-.B to
-introduce lower and upper
-limits on arbitrary things:
-$lim from {n -> inf} sum from 0 to n x sub i$
-is made with
-.L "lim from {n -> inf} sum from 0 to n x sub i".
-.PP
-Left and right brackets, braces, etc., of the right height are made with
-.B left
-and
-.B right:
-.L "left [ x sup 2 + y sup 2 over alpha right ] ~=~1"
-produces
-$left [ x sup 2 + y sup 2 over alpha right ] ~=~1$.
-The
-.B right
-clause is optional.
-Legal characters after
-.B left
-and
-.B right
-are braces, brackets, bars,
-.B c
-and
-.B f
-for ceiling and floor,
-and
-.B
-""
-for nothing at all (useful for a right-side-only bracket).
-.PP
-Vertical piles of things are made with
-.BR pile ,
-.BR lpile ,
-.BR cpile ,
-and
-.BR rpile :
-.L "pile {a above b above c}"
-produces
-$pile {a above b above c}$.
-There can be an arbitrary number of elements in a pile.
-.B lpile
-left-justifies,
-.B pile
-and
-.B cpile
-center, with different vertical spacing,
-and
-.B rpile
-right justifies.
-.PP
-Matrices are made with
-.BR matrix :
-.L "matrix { lcol { x sub i above y sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } }"
-produces
-$matrix { lcol { x sub i above y sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } }$.
-In addition, there is
-.B rcol
-for a right-justified column.
-.PP
-.vs 12p
-Diacritical marks are made with
-.BR prime ,
-.BR dot ,
-.BR dotdot ,
-.BR hat ,
-.BR tilde ,
-.BR bar ,
-.BR under ,
-.BR vec ,
-.BR dyad ,
-and
-.BR under :
-.L "x sub 0 sup prime = f(t) bar + g(t) under"
-is
-$x sub 0 sup prime = f(t) bar + g(t) under$,
-and
-.L "x vec = y dyad"
-is
-$x vec = y dyad$.
-.PP
-Sizes and font can be changed with prefix operators
-.B size
-.I n,
-.B size
-.BI \(+- n,
-.BR fat ,
-.BR roman ,
-.BR italic ,
-.BR bold ,
-or
-.BR font
-.I n.
-Size and fonts can be changed globally in a document by
-.B gsize
-.I n
-and
-.B gfont
-.IR n ,
-or by the command-line arguments
-.BI -s n
-and
-.BI -f n.
-.PP
-Normally subscripts and superscripts are reduced by
-3 point sizes from the previous size;
-this may be changed by the command-line argument
-.BI -p n.
-.PP
-Successive display arguments can be lined up.
-Place
-.B mark
-before the desired lineup point in the first equation;
-place
-.B lineup
-at the place that is to line up vertically in subsequent equations.
-.PP
-Shorthands may be defined
-or existing keywords redefined with
-.BI define :
-.L define
-.I thing
-.L %
-.I replacement
-.L %
-defines a new token called
-.I thing
-which will be replaced by
-.I replacement
-whenever it appears thereafter.
-The
-.L %
-may be any character that does not occur in
-.L replacement.
-.PP
-Keywords like
-.L sum
-.EQ
-( sum )
-.EN
-.L int
-.EQ
-( int )
-.EN
-.L inf
-.EQ
-( inf )
-.EN
-and shorthands like
-.L >=
-.EQ
-(>=)
-.EN
-.L ->
-.EQ
-(->),
-.EN
-and
-.L !=
-.EQ
-( != )
-.EN
-are recognized.
-Greek letters are spelled out in the desired case, as in
-.L alpha
-or
-.LR GAMMA .
-Mathematical words like
-.LR sin ,
-.LR cos ,
-.L log
-are made Roman automatically.
-.IR Troff (1)
-four-character escapes like
-.L \e(lh
-(\(lh) can be used anywhere.
-Strings enclosed in double quotes
-.B
-" "
-are passed through untouched;
-this permits keywords to be entered as text,
-and can be used to communicate
-with
-.I troff
-when all else fails.
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-.IR troff (1),
-.IR tbl (1),
-.IR ms (6),
-.IR eqnchar (6),
-.IR doctype (1)
-.br
-B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry,
-`Typesetting Mathematics\(emUser's Guide',
-this manual, Volume 2
-.br
-J. F. Ossanna and B. W. Kernighan,
-`NROFF/TROFF User's Manual',
-.I ibid.
-.SH BUGS
-To embolden digits, parens, etc.,
-it is necessary to quote them,
-as in
-.LR bold\ "12.3" .
-.EQ
-delim off
-.EN