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+.TH M4 1
+.CT 1 prog_c
+.SH NAME
+m4 \(mi macro processor
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B m4
+[
+.I option ...
+]
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I M4\^
+is a macro processor
+intended as a front end for C and other languages.
+Each of the argument files is processed in order;
+if there are no files, or if a file name is
+.BR - ,
+the standard input is read.
+The processed text is written on the standard output.
+.PP
+The options and their effects are as follows:
+.TP
+.B -e
+Operate interactively.
+Interrupts are ignored and the output is unbuffered.
+Using this mode requires a special state of mind.
+.TP
+.B -s
+Enable line sync output for the C preprocessor,
+.RB ( #line " .\|.\|.\|)"
+.TP
+.BI -B int\^
+Change the size of the push-back and argument collection
+buffers from the default of 4,096.
+.TP
+.BI -H int\^
+Change the size of the symbol table hash array from the
+default of 199.
+The size should be prime.
+.TP
+.BI -S int\^
+Change the size of the call stack from the default of 100 slots.
+Macros take three slots, and non-macro arguments take one.
+.TP
+.BI -T int\^
+Change the size of the token buffer from the default of 512 bytes.
+.PP
+The preceding options must appear before any
+file names or
+.B -D
+or
+.B -U
+options.
+.TP
+\f5-D\fP\f2name\^\fP[\f5=\fP\f2val\^\fP]
+Defines
+.I name\^
+to
+.I val\^
+or to null if
+.I val
+is missing.
+.TP
+.BI -U name\^
+undefines
+.IR name .
+.PP
+Macro calls
+have the form:
+.IP
+.L name(arg1,arg2, .\|.\|., argn)
+.PP
+The
+.B (
+must immediately follow the name of the macro.
+If a defined macro name is not followed by a
+.BR ( ,
+it is deemed to have no arguments.
+Leading unquoted blanks, tabs, and new-lines are ignored while collecting arguments.
+Potential macro names consist of alphabetic letters,
+digits, and underscore
+.BR _ ,
+where the first character is not a digit.
+.PP
+Left and right single quotes are used to quote strings.
+The value of a quoted string is the string stripped of the quotes.
+.PP
+When a macro name is recognized,
+its arguments are collected by searching for a matching right
+parenthesis.
+Macro evaluation proceeds normally during the collection of the arguments,
+and any commas or right parentheses
+which happen to turn up within the value of a nested
+call are as effective as those in the original input text.
+After argument collection,
+the value of the macro is pushed back onto the input stream
+and rescanned.
+.PP
+The value of a macro is obtained by replacing
+each occurrence of
+.BI $ n\^
+in the replacement text,
+where
+.I n\^
+is a digit,
+with the
+.IR n -th
+argument.
+Argument 0 is the name of the macro;
+missing arguments are replaced by the null string;
+.B $#
+is replaced by the number of arguments;
+.B $*
+is replaced by a list of all the arguments separated by commas;
+.B $@
+is like
+.BR $* ,
+but each argument is quoted (with the current quotes).
+.PP
+.I M4\^
+makes available the following built-in macros.
+They may be redefined, but once this is done the original meaning is lost.
+Their values are null unless otherwise stated.
+.TP 12
+.B define
+the second argument is installed as the replacement text of the macro
+whose name is the first argument.
+.TP
+.B undefine
+Remove the definition of the macro named in the argument.
+.TP
+.B defn
+Return the quoted definition of the argument(s);
+useful for renaming macros, especially built-ins.
+.TP
+.B pushdef
+Like
+.IR define ,
+but save any previous definition.
+.TP
+.B popdef
+Remove current definition of the argument(s),
+exposing the previous one if any.
+.TP
+.B ifdef
+If the first argument is defined, the value is the second argument, otherwise the third.
+If there is no third argument, the value is null.
+The word
+.L unix\^
+is predefined on
+.SM UNIX
+versions of
+.IR m4 .
+.TP
+.B shift
+Return all but the first argument.
+The other arguments pushed back with
+commas in between and quoted to
+nullify the effect of the extra scan.
+.TP
+.B changequote
+Change quote symbols to the first and second arguments.
+The symbols may be up to five characters long.
+.B Changequote\^
+without arguments restores the original values
+(i.e., 
+.LR `\|' ).
+.TP
+.B changecom
+Change left and right comment markers from the default
+.B #
+and new-line.
+With no arguments, the comment mechanism is effectively
+disabled.
+With one argument, the left marker becomes the argument and
+the right marker becomes new-line.
+With two arguments, both markers are affected.
+Comment markers may be up to five characters long.
+.TP
+.B divert
+.I m4\^
+Switch output to one of 10 streams,
+numbered 0-9 designated by the argument.
+The final output is the concatenation of the streams
+in numerical order;
+stream 0 is the current initially.
+Output to a stream other than 0 through 9
+is discarded.
+.TP
+.B undivert
+Cause immediate output of text from diversions named as
+arguments, or all diversions if no argument.
+Text may be undiverted into another diversion.
+Once undiverted, the diverted text is no longer contained in that diversion.
+.TP
+.B divnum
+Return the name of the current output stream.
+.TP
+.B dnl
+reads and discards characters up to and including the next new-line.
+.TP
+.B ifelse
+If the first argument is the same string as the second,
+then the value is the third argument.
+If not, and if there are more than four arguments, the process is repeated with arguments 4, 5, 6 and 7.
+Otherwise, the value is either the fourth string, or, if that is not present,
+null.
+.TP
+.B incr
+Return the value of the argument incremented by 1.
+The value of the argument is calculated
+by interpreting an initial digit-string as a decimal number.
+.TP
+.B decr
+Return the value of the argument decremented by 1.
+.TP
+.B eval
+Evaluate the argument as an arithmetic expression, using 32-bit arithmetic.
+C-like operators include
+.BR +-*/% ,
+bitwise
+.BR &|^~ ;
+relationals; parentheses.
+Octal and hex numbers may be specified as in C.
+The second argument specifies the radix for the result;
+the default is 10.
+The third argument may be used to specify the minimum number
+of digits in the result.
+.TP
+.B len
+Returns the number of characters in the argument.
+.TP
+.B index
+Return the position in the first argument where the second argument begins (zero origin),
+or \-1 if the second argument does not occur.
+.TP
+.B substr
+Return a substring of the first argument.
+The second argument is a zero origin
+number selecting the first character;
+the third argument indicates the length of the substring.
+A missing third argument is taken to be large enough to extend to
+the end of the first string.
+.TP
+.B translit
+Transliterate the characters in the first argument
+from the set given by the second argument to the set given by the third,
+deleting characters that lack a correspondent in the third set.
+There is no character-range notation.
+.TP
+.B include
+Return the contents of the file named in the argument.
+.TP
+.B sinclude
+Same, but give no diagnostic if the file is inaccessible.
+.TP
+.B syscmd
+Execute the
+.SM UNIX
+command given in the first argument.
+No value is returned.
+.TP
+.B sysval
+The return code from the last call to
+.IR syscmd .
+.TP
+.B maketemp
+Fill in a string of
+.LR X
+characters in the argument with the current process id.
+.TP
+.B m4exit
+Exit immediately from
+.IR m4 .
+Argument 1, if given, is the exit code;
+the default is 0.
+.TP
+.B m4wrap
+Push the argument back at the end of the input.
+Example:
+.L m4wrap(`cleanup()')
+.TP
+.B errprint
+Prints the argument
+on the standard error file.
+.TP
+.B dumpdef
+Print current names and definitions,
+for the named items, or for all if no arguments are given.
+.TP
+.B traceon
+If there are no arguments, turn on tracing for all macros
+(including built-ins).
+Otherwise, turn on tracing for named macros.
+.TP
+.B traceoff
+Turn off trace globally and for any macros specified.
+Macros specifically traced by
+.B traceon\^
+can be untraced only by specific calls to
+.BR traceoff .
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.EX
+define(fib,`ifelse(define(`n',eval($1))n,0,1,n,1,1,dnl()
+`eval(fib(n-1)+fib($1-2))')')dnl()
+fib(2*3)
+.EE
+.ns
+.IP
+Recursively evaluate a Fibonacci number.
+The inner
+.B define
+avoids some reevaluations.