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+.TH FPRINTF 2
+.SH NAME
+fprintf, printf, sprintf, snprintf, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, vsnprintf \- print formatted output
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B #include <stdio.h>
+.PP
+.B
+int fprintf(FILE *f, char *format, ...)
+.PP
+.B
+int printf(char *format, ...)
+.PP
+.B
+int sprintf(char *s, char *format, ...)
+.PP
+.B
+int snprintf(char *s, int n, char *format, ...)
+.PP
+.B
+int vfprintf(FILE *f, char *format, va_list args)
+.PP
+.B
+int vprintf(char *format, va_list args)
+.PP
+.B
+int vsprintf(char *s, char *format, va_list args)
+.PP
+.B
+int vsnprintf(char *s, int n, char *format, va_list args)
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Fprintf
+places output on the named output stream
+.I f
+(see
+.IR fopen (2)).
+.I Printf
+places output on the standard output stream
+.IR stdout .
+.I Sprintf
+places output
+followed by the null character
+.RB ( \e0 )
+in consecutive bytes starting at
+.IR s ;
+it is the user's responsibility to ensure that
+enough storage is available.
+.I Snprintf
+is like 
+.I sprintf
+but writes at most 
+.I n
+bytes (including the null character)
+into 
+.IR s .
+.IR Vfprintf ,
+.IR vprintf ,
+.IR vsnprintf ,
+and
+.I vsprintf
+are the same, except the
+.I args
+argument is the argument list of the
+calling function, and the effect is as if the calling function's
+argument list from that point on is passed to the
+.I printf
+routines.
+.PP
+Each function returns the number of characters
+transmitted (not including the
+.B \e0
+in the case of
+.IR sprintf 
+and friends),
+or
+a negative value if an output error was encountered.
+.PP
+These functions
+convert, format, and print their
+trailing arguments
+under control of a
+.IR format 
+string.
+The
+.I format
+contains two types of objects:
+plain characters, which are simply copied to the
+output stream,
+and conversion specifications,
+each of which results in fetching of
+zero or more
+arguments.
+The results are undefined if there are arguments of the
+wrong type or too few
+arguments for the format.
+If the format is exhausted while
+arguments remain, the excess
+are ignored.
+.PP
+Each conversion specification is introduced by
+the character
+.BR % .
+After the
+.BR % ,
+the following
+appear in sequence:
+.PP
+.RS
+Zero or more
+.IR flags ,
+which modify the meaning of
+the conversion specification.
+.PP
+An optional decimal digit string specifying a minimum
+.IR "field width" .
+If the converted value has fewer characters
+than the field width, it will be padded with spaces on the
+left (or right, if the left adjustment, described later, has been given)
+to the field width.
+.PP
+An optional
+.I precision\^
+that gives
+the minimum number of digits to appear for the
+.BR d ,
+.BR i ,
+.BR o ,
+.BR u ,
+.BR x ,
+and
+.B X
+conversions,
+the number of digits to appear after the
+decimal point for the
+.BR e ,
+.BR E ,
+and
+.B f
+conversions,
+the maximum number of significant digits
+for the
+.B g
+and
+.B G
+conversions,
+or the maximum number of characters
+to be written from a string in
+.B s
+conversion.
+The precision takes the form of a period
+.RB ( \&. )
+followed by an optional decimal integer;
+if the integer is omitted, it is treated as zero.
+.PP
+An optional
+.B h
+specifying that a following
+.BR d ,
+.BR i ,
+.BR o ,
+.BR u ,
+.BR x
+or
+.BR X
+conversion specifier applies to a
+.B short
+.B int
+or
+.B unsigned
+.B short
+argument (the argument will have been promoted according to the integral
+promotions, and its value shall be converted to
+.B short
+or
+.B unsigned
+.B short
+before printing);
+an optional
+.B h
+specifying that a following
+.B n
+conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a
+.B short
+argument;
+an optional
+.B l
+(ell) specifying that a following
+.BR d ,
+.BR i ,
+.BR o ,
+.BR u ,
+.BR x ,
+or
+.B X
+conversion character applies to a
+.B long
+or
+.B unsigned
+.B long
+argument;
+an optional
+.B l
+specifying that a following
+.B n
+conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a
+.B long
+.B int
+argument;
+or an optional
+.B L
+specifying that a following
+.BR e ,
+.BR E ,
+.BR f ,
+.BR g ,
+or
+.B G
+conversion specifier applies to a
+.B long double
+argument.
+If an
+.BR h ,
+.BR l ,
+or
+.B L
+appears with any other conversion specifier, the behavior is undefined.
+.PP
+A character that indicates the type of
+conversion to be applied.
+.RE
+.PP
+A field width or precision, or both, may be
+indicated by an asterisk
+.RB ( * )
+instead of a digit string.
+In this case, an
+.B int
+.I arg\^
+supplies
+the field width or precision.
+The arguments specifying field width or precision, or both,
+shall appear (in that order) before the argument (if any) to be converted.
+A negative field width argument is taken as a
+.B -
+flag followed by a positive field width.
+A negative precision is taken as if it were missing.
+.PP
+The flag characters and their meanings are:
+.PD 0
+.TP 10
+.B -
+The result of the conversion is left-justified within the field.
+.TP
+.B +
+The result of a signed
+conversion always begins with a sign
+.RB ( +
+or
+.BR - ).
+.TP
+blank
+If the first character of a signed conversion is not a sign,
+or a signed conversion results in no characters,
+a blank
+is prefixed to the result.
+This implies that if the blank and
+.B +
+flags both appear, the blank flag is ignored.
+.TP
+.B #
+The result is to be converted
+to an ``alternate form.''
+For
+.B o
+conversion, it increases the precision to force
+the first digit of the result to be a zero.
+For
+.B x
+or
+.B X
+conversion, a non-zero result has
+.B 0x
+or
+.B 0X
+prefixed to it.
+For
+.BR e ,
+.BR E ,
+.BR f ,
+.BR g ,
+and
+.B G
+conversions, the result always contains a decimal point,
+even if no digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point
+appears in the result of these conversions only if a digit
+follows it).
+For
+.B g
+and
+.B G
+conversions, trailing zeros are
+.I not\^
+be removed from the result
+as they normally are.
+For other conversions, the behavior is undefined.
+.TP
+.B 0
+For
+.BR d ,
+.BR i ,
+.BR o ,
+.BR u ,
+.BR x ,
+.BR X ,
+.BR e ,
+.BR E ,
+.BR f ,
+.BR g ,
+and
+.B G
+conversions, leading zeros (following any indication of sign or base)
+are used to pad the field width; no space padding is performed.
+If the
+.B 0
+and
+.B -
+flags both appear, the
+.B 0
+flag will be ignored.
+For
+.BR d ,
+.BR i ,
+.BR o ,
+.BR u ,
+.BR x ,
+and
+.B X
+conversions, if a precision is specified, the
+.B 0
+flag will be ignored.
+For other conversions, the behavior is undefined.
+.PD
+.PP
+The conversion characters
+and their meanings are:
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP 10
+\fLd\fP,\fLo\fP,\fLu\fP,\fLx\fP,\fLX\fP
+The integer
+.I arg\^
+is converted to signed decimal
+.RB ( d
+or
+.BR i ),
+unsigned octal
+.RB ( o ),
+unsigned decimal
+.RB ( u ),
+or unsigned hexadecimal notation
+.RB ( x
+or
+.BR X );
+the letters
+.B abcdef
+are used for
+.B x
+conversion and the letters
+.B ABCDEF
+for
+.B X
+conversion.
+The precision specifies the minimum number of digits
+to appear; if the value being converted can be represented
+in fewer digits, it is expanded with leading zeros.
+The default precision is 1.
+The result of converting a zero value with a precision
+of zero is no characters.
+.TP
+.BR f
+The 
+.B double
+argument is converted to decimal notation
+in the style
+[\-]\fIddd\fL.\fIddd\fR,
+where the number of digits after the decimal point
+is equal to the precision specification.
+If the precision
+is missing,
+it is taken as 6;
+if the precision is explicitly
+.LR 0 ,
+no decimal point appears.
+.TP
+.BR e , E
+The
+.B double
+argument is converted in the style
+[\-]\fId\fL.\fIddd\fLe\fR±\fIdd\fR,
+where there is one digit before the decimal point and
+the number of digits after it is equal to the
+precision;
+when the precision is missing, it is taken as 6;
+if the precision is zero, no decimal point appears.
+The
+.B E
+format code produces a number with
+.B E
+instead of
+.B e
+introducing the exponent.
+The exponent always contains at least two digits.
+.TP
+.BR g , G
+The
+.B double
+argument is printed in style
+.BR f
+or
+.BR e
+(or in style
+.B E
+in the case of a
+.B G
+conversion specifier),
+with the precision specifying the number of significant digits.
+If an explicit precision is zero, it is taken as 1.
+The style used depends on the value converted:
+style
+.B e
+is used only if the exponent resulting from
+the conversion is less than \-4
+or greater than or equal to the precision.
+Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional portion of the result;
+a decimal point appears only if it is followed by a digit.
+.TP
+.B c
+The
+.B int
+argument is converted to an
+.B unsigned
+.BR char ,
+and the resulting character is written.
+.TP
+.B s
+The
+argument is taken to be a string (character pointer)
+and characters from the string are printed until
+a null character
+.RB ( \e0 )
+is encountered or
+the number of characters indicated by the precision
+specification is reached.
+If the precision is missing, it is taken to be infinite, so
+all characters up to the first null character are printed.
+A
+zero
+value for
+the argument yields undefined results.
+.TP
+.B P
+The
+.B void*
+argument is printed in an implementation-defined way (for Plan 9:
+the address as hexadecimal number).
+.TP
+.B n
+The argument shall be a pointer to an integer into which is
+.I written
+the number of characters written to the output stream so far by
+this call to
+.IR fprintf .
+No argument is converted.
+.TP
+.B %
+Print a
+.BR % ;
+no argument is converted.
+.PD
+.PP
+If a conversion specification is invalid, the behavior is undefined.
+.PP
+If any argument is, or points to, a union or an aggregate
+(except for an array of character type using
+.B %s
+conversion, or a pointer cast to be a pointer to
+.B void
+using
+.B %P
+conversion), the behavior is undefined.
+.PP
+In no case does a nonexistent or small field width cause truncation
+of a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width,
+the field is expanded to contain the conversion result.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/libstdio
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR fopen (2),
+.IR fscanf (2),
+.IR print (2)
+.SH BUGS
+There is no way to print a wide character (rune); use
+.IR print (2)
+or
+.IR bio (2).