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+.\"	$OpenBSD: scanf.3,v 1.26 2022/03/31 17:27:16 naddy Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
+.\" on Information Processing Systems.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.Dd $Mdocdate: March 31 2022 $
+.Dt SCANF 3
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm scanf ,
+.Nm fscanf ,
+.Nm sscanf ,
+.Nm vscanf ,
+.Nm vsscanf ,
+.Nm vfscanf
+.Nd input format conversion
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.In stdio.h
+.Ft int
+.Fn scanf "const char *format" ...
+.Ft int
+.Fn fscanf "FILE *stream" "const char *format" ...
+.Ft int
+.Fn sscanf "const char *str" "const char *format" ...
+.In stdarg.h
+.Ft int
+.Fn vscanf "const char *format" "va_list ap"
+.Ft int
+.Fn vsscanf "const char *str" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
+.Ft int
+.Fn vfscanf "FILE *stream" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Fn scanf
+family of functions read input according to the given
+.Fa format
+as described below.
+This format may contain
+.Dq conversion specifiers ;
+the results of such conversions, if any, are stored through a set of pointer
+arguments.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn scanf
+function reads input from the standard input stream
+.Em stdin ,
+.Fn fscanf
+reads input from the supplied stream pointer
+.Fa stream ,
+and
+.Fn sscanf
+reads its input from the character string pointed to by
+.Fa str .
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn vfscanf
+function is analogous to
+.Xr vfprintf 3
+and reads input from the stream pointer
+.Fa stream
+using a variable argument list of pointers (see
+.Xr va_start 3 ) .
+The
+.Fn vscanf
+function scans a variable argument list from the standard input and the
+.Fn vsscanf
+function scans it from a string; these are analogous to the
+.Fn vprintf
+and
+.Fn vsprintf
+functions, respectively.
+.Pp
+Each successive
+.Em pointer
+argument must correspond properly with each successive conversion specifier
+(but see the
+.Cm *
+conversion below).
+All conversions are introduced by the
+.Cm %
+(percent sign) character.
+The
+.Fa format
+string may also contain other characters.
+Whitespace (such as blanks, tabs, or newlines) in the
+.Fa format
+string match any amount of whitespace, including none, in the input.
+Everything else matches only itself.
+Scanning stops when an input character does not match such a format character.
+Scanning also stops when an input conversion cannot be made (see below).
+.Sh CONVERSIONS
+Following the
+.Cm %
+character, introducing a conversion, there may be a number of
+.Em flag
+characters, as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width "ll (ell ell)"
+.It Cm *
+Suppresses assignment.
+The conversion that follows occurs as usual, but no pointer is used;
+the result of the conversion is simply discarded.
+.It Cm hh
+Indicates that the conversion will be one of
+.Cm dioux
+or
+.Cm n
+and the next pointer is a pointer to a
+.Vt char
+(rather than
+.Vt int ) .
+.It Cm h
+Indicates that the conversion will be one of
+.Cm dioux
+or
+.Cm n
+and the next pointer is a pointer to a
+.Vt "short int"
+(rather than
+.Vt int ) .
+.It Cm l No (ell)
+Indicates either that the conversion will be one of
+.Cm dioux
+or
+.Cm n
+and the next pointer is a pointer to a
+.Vt "long int"
+(rather than
+.Vt int ) ,
+or that the conversion will be one of
+.Cm efg
+and the next pointer is a pointer to
+.Vt double
+(rather than
+.Vt float ) ,
+or that the conversion will be one of
+.Cm sc[ .
+.Pp
+If the conversion is one of
+.Cm sc[ ,
+the expected conversion input is a multibyte character sequence.
+Each multibyte character in the sequence is converted with a call to the
+.Fn mbrtowc
+function.
+The field width specifies the maximum amount of bytes read from the
+multibyte character sequence and passed to
+.Fn mbrtowc
+for conversion.
+The next pointer is a pointer to a
+.Vt wchar_t
+wide-character buffer large enough to accept the converted input sequence
+including the terminating NUL wide character which will be added automatically.
+.It Cm ll No (ell ell)
+Indicates that the conversion will be one of
+.Cm dioux
+or
+.Cm n
+and the next pointer is a pointer to a
+.Vt "long long int"
+(rather than
+.Vt int ) .
+.It Cm L
+Indicates that the conversion will be one of
+.Cm efg
+and the next pointer is a pointer to
+.Vt "long double" .
+.It Cm j
+Indicates that the conversion will be one of
+.Cm dioux
+or
+.Cm n
+and the next pointer is a pointer to an
+.Vt intmax_t
+(rather than
+.Vt int ) .
+.It Cm t
+Indicates that the conversion will be one of
+.Cm dioux
+or
+.Cm n
+and the next pointer is a pointer to a
+.Vt ptrdiff_t
+(rather than
+.Vt int ) .
+.It Cm z
+Indicates that the conversion will be one of
+.Cm dioux
+or
+.Cm n
+and the next pointer is a pointer to a
+.Vt size_t
+(rather than
+.Vt int ) .
+.It Cm q
+(deprecated)
+Indicates that the conversion will be one of
+.Cm dioux
+or
+.Cm n
+and the next pointer is a pointer to a
+.Vt "long long int"
+(rather than
+.Vt int ) .
+.El
+.Pp
+In addition to these flags, there may be an optional maximum field width,
+expressed as a decimal integer, between the
+.Cm %
+and the conversion.
+If no width is given,
+a default of
+.Dq infinity
+is used (with one exception, below);
+otherwise at most this many characters are scanned in processing the
+conversion.
+Before conversion begins, most conversions skip whitespace;
+this whitespace is not counted against the field width.
+.Pp
+The following conversions are available:
+.Bl -tag -width XXXX
+.It Cm %
+Matches a literal
+.Ql % .
+That is,
+.Dq Li %%
+in the format string matches a single input
+.Ql %
+character.
+No conversion is done, and assignment does not occur.
+.It Cm d
+Matches an optionally signed decimal integer;
+the next pointer must be a pointer to
+.Vt int .
+.It Cm D
+Equivalent to
+.Cm ld ;
+this exists only for backwards compatibility.
+.It Cm i
+Matches an optionally signed integer;
+the next pointer must be a pointer to
+.Vt int .
+The integer is read in base 16 if it begins
+with
+.Ql 0x
+or
+.Ql 0X ,
+in base 8 if it begins with
+.Ql 0 ,
+and in base 10 otherwise.
+Only characters that correspond to the base are used.
+.It Cm o
+Matches an octal integer;
+the next pointer must be a pointer to
+.Vt "unsigned int" .
+.It Cm O
+Equivalent to
+.Cm lo ;
+this exists for backwards compatibility.
+.It Cm u
+Matches an optionally signed decimal integer;
+the next pointer must be a pointer to
+.Vt "unsigned int" .
+.It Cm xX
+Matches an optionally signed hexadecimal integer;
+the next pointer must be a pointer to
+.Vt "unsigned int" .
+.It Cm eE
+Equivalent to
+.Cm f .
+.It Cm fF
+Matches an optionally signed floating-point number;
+the next pointer must be a pointer to
+.Vt float .
+.It Cm gG
+Equivalent to
+.Cm f .
+.It Cm aA
+Equivalent to
+.Cm f .
+.It Cm s
+Matches a sequence of non-whitespace characters;
+the next pointer must be a pointer to
+.Vt char ,
+or to
+.Vt wchar_t
+if the
+.Vt l
+length modifier is present.
+The provided array must be large enough to accept and store
+the whole sequence and the terminating NUL character.
+The input string stops at whitespace
+or at the maximum field width, whichever occurs first.
+If specified, the maximum field length refers to the sequence
+being scanned rather than the storage space, hence the provided
+array must be 1 larger for the terminating NUL character.
+.It Cm c
+Matches a sequence of characters consuming the number of bytes
+specified by the field width (defaults to 1 if unspecified);
+the next pointer must be a pointer to
+.Vt char ,
+or to
+.Vt wchar_t
+if the
+.Vt l
+length modifier is present.
+There must be enough room for all the characters
+(no terminating NUL is added).
+The usual skip of leading whitespace is suppressed.
+To skip whitespace first, use an explicit space in the format.
+.It Cm \&[
+Matches a nonempty sequence of characters from the specified set
+of accepted characters;
+the next pointer must be a pointer to
+.Vt char ,
+or to
+.Vt wchar_t
+if the
+.Vt l
+length modifier is present.
+There must be enough room for all the characters in the string,
+plus a terminating NUL character.
+The usual skip of leading whitespace is suppressed.
+.Pp
+The string is to be made up of characters in
+(or not in)
+a particular set;
+the set is defined by the characters between the open bracket
+.Cm \&[
+character
+and a close bracket
+.Cm \&]
+character.
+The set
+.Em excludes
+those characters
+if the first character after the open bracket is a circumflex
+.Cm ^ .
+To include a close bracket in the set,
+make it the first character after the open bracket
+or the circumflex;
+any other position will end the set.
+The hyphen character
+.Cm \-
+is also special;
+when placed between two other characters,
+it adds all intervening characters to the set.
+To include a hyphen,
+make it the last character before the final close bracket.
+.Pp
+For instance,
+.Ql [^]0-9-]
+means the set
+.Do
+everything except close bracket, zero through nine, and hyphen
+.Dc .
+The string ends with the appearance of a character not in
+(or, with a circumflex, in) the set
+or when the field width runs out.
+.It Cm p
+Matches a pointer value (as printed by
+.Ql %p
+in
+.Xr printf 3 ) ;
+the next pointer must be a pointer to
+.Vt void .
+.It Cm n
+Nothing is expected;
+instead, the number of characters consumed thus far from the input
+is stored through the next pointer,
+which must be a pointer to
+.Vt int .
+This is
+.Em not
+a conversion, although it can be suppressed with the
+.Cm *
+flag.
+.El
+.Pp
+For backwards compatibility, other conversion characters (except
+.Ql \e0 )
+are taken as if they were
+.Ql %d
+or, if uppercase,
+.Ql %ld ,
+and a `conversion' of
+.Ql %\e0
+causes an immediate return of
+.Dv EOF .
+.Sh RETURN VALUES
+These functions return the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer
+than provided for, or even zero, in the event of a matching failure.
+Zero indicates that, while there was input available, no conversions were
+assigned; typically this is due to an invalid input character,
+such as an alphabetic character for a
+.Ql %d
+conversion.
+The value
+.Dv EOF
+is returned if an input failure,
+such as an end-of-file,
+occurs before any conversion.
+If an error or end-of-file occurs after conversion has begun,
+the number of conversions which were successfully completed is returned.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr getc 3 ,
+.Xr mbrtowc 3 ,
+.Xr printf 3 ,
+.Xr strtod 3 ,
+.Xr strtol 3 ,
+.Xr strtoul 3 ,
+.Xr wscanf 3
+.Sh STANDARDS
+The functions
+.Fn fscanf ,
+.Fn scanf ,
+and
+.Fn sscanf
+conform to
+.St -ansiC .
+.Sh HISTORY
+The functions
+.Fn scanf ,
+.Fn fscanf ,
+and
+.Fn sscanf
+first appeared in
+.At v7 ,
+and
+.Fn vscanf ,
+.Fn vsscanf ,
+and
+.Fn vfscanf
+in
+.Bx 4.3 Reno .
+.Sh CAVEATS
+On systems other than
+.Ox ,
+the
+.Dv LC_NUMERIC
+.Xr locale 1
+category can cause parsing failures; see CAVEATS in
+.Xr setlocale 3
+for details.
+.Sh BUGS
+Numerical strings are truncated to 512 characters; for example,
+.Cm %f
+and
+.Cm %d
+are implicitly
+.Cm %512f
+and
+.Cm %512d .