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+.\"     $NetBSD: ras.9,v 1.16 2017/07/03 21:28:48 wiz Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 2002 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
+.\" by Gregory McGarry.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
+.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
+.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.Dd April 17, 2010
+.Dt RAS 9
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm ras_lookup ,
+.Nm ras_fork ,
+.Nm ras_purgeall
+.Nd restartable atomic sequences
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.In sys/types.h
+.In sys/proc.h
+.In sys/ras.h
+.Ft void *
+.Fn ras_lookup "struct proc *p" "void *addr"
+.Ft int
+.Fn ras_fork "struct proc *p1" "struct proc *p2"
+.Ft int
+.Fn ras_purgeall "struct proc *p"
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+Restartable atomic sequences are user code sequences which are
+guaranteed to execute without preemption.
+This property is assured by checking the set of restartable atomic
+sequences registered for a process during
+.Xr cpu_switchto 9 .
+If a process is found to have been preempted during a restartable
+sequence, then its execution is rolled-back to the start of the
+sequence by resetting its program counter saved in its process control block
+.Pq Tn PCB .
+.Pp
+The
+.Tn RAS
+functionality is provided by a combination of the
+machine-independent routines discussed in this page and
+a machine-dependent component in
+.Xr cpu_switchto 9 .
+A port which supports restartable atomic sequences will define
+.Dv __HAVE_RAS
+in
+.In machine/types.h
+for machine-independent code to conditionally provide RAS support.
+.Pp
+A complicated side-effect of restartable atomic sequences is their
+interaction with the machine-dependent
+.Xr ptrace 2
+support.
+Specifically, single-step traps and/or the emulation of single-stepping
+must carefully consider the effect on restartable atomic sequences.
+A general solution is to ignore these traps or disable them within
+restartable atomic sequences.
+.Sh FUNCTIONS
+The functions which operate on restartable atomic sequences are:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width compact
+.It Fn ras_lookup "p" "addr"
+This function searches the registered restartable atomic sequences for
+process
+.Fa p
+which contain the user address
+.Fa addr .
+If the address
+.Fa addr
+is found within a
+.Tn RAS ,
+then the restart address of the
+.Tn RAS
+is returned, otherwise \-1 is returned.
+.It Fn ras_fork "p1" "p2"
+This function is used to copy all registered restartable atomic
+sequences for process
+.Fa p1
+to process
+.Fa p2 .
+It is primarily called from
+.Xr fork1 9
+when the sequences are inherited from the parent by the child.
+.It Fn ras_purgeall "p"
+This function is used to remove all registered restartable atomic
+sequences for process
+.Fa p .
+It is primarily used to remove all registered restartable atomic
+sequences for a process during
+.Xr exec 3
+and by
+.Xr rasctl 2 .
+.El
+.Sh CODE REFERENCES
+The RAS framework itself is implemented within the file
+.Pa sys/kern/kern_ras.c .
+Data structures and function prototypes for the framework are located
+in
+.In sys/ras.h .
+Machine-dependent portions are implemented within
+.Xr cpu_switchto 9
+in the machine-dependent file
+.Pa sys/arch/<arch>/<arch>/locore.S .
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr rasctl 2 ,
+.Xr cpu_switchto 9 ,
+.Xr fork1 9
+.Rs
+.%A Gregory McGarry
+.%T "An Implementation of User-level Restartable \
+Atomic Sequences on the NetBSD Operating System"
+.%I USENIX Association
+.%B Proceedings of the FREENIX Track: 2003 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
+.%P 311-322
+.%D June 9-14, 2003
+.%U http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/usenix03/tech/freenix03/full_papers/mcgarry/mcgarry.pdf
+.Re
+.Sh HISTORY
+The RAS functionality first appeared in
+.Nx 2.0 .