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+.\"     $NetBSD: kprintf.9,v 1.41 2025/01/12 20:16:34 rillig Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1998, 2002, 2007, 2011 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
+.\" by Jeremy Cooper and by Jason R. Thorpe.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
+.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
+.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.Dd March 10, 2021
+.Dt KPRINTF 9
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm device_printf ,
+.Nm printf ,
+.Nm printf_nolog ,
+.Nm printf_nostamp ,
+.Nm snprintf ,
+.Nm vasprintf ,
+.Nm vprintf ,
+.Nm vsnprintf ,
+.Nm uprintf ,
+.Nm ttyprintf ,
+.Nm tprintf_open ,
+.Nm tprintf ,
+.Nm tprintf_close ,
+.Nm aprint_normal ,
+.Nm aprint_naive ,
+.Nm aprint_verbose ,
+.Nm aprint_debug ,
+.Nm aprint_error ,
+.Nm aprint_normal_dev ,
+.Nm aprint_naive_dev ,
+.Nm aprint_verbose_dev ,
+.Nm aprint_debug_dev ,
+.Nm aprint_error_dev ,
+.Nm aprint_normal_ifnet ,
+.Nm aprint_naive_ifnet ,
+.Nm aprint_verbose_ifnet ,
+.Nm aprint_debug_ifnet ,
+.Nm aprint_error_ifnet ,
+.Nm aprint_get_error_count
+.Nd kernel formatted output conversion
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.In sys/systm.h
+.Ft void
+.Fn device_printf "device_t" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn printf "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn printf_nolog "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn printf_nostamp "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft int
+.Fn snprintf "char *buf" "size_t size" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft int
+.Fn vasprintf "char **buf" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
+.Ft void
+.Fn vprintf "const char *format" "va_list ap"
+.Ft int
+.Fn vsnprintf "char *buf" "size_t size" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
+.Ft void
+.Fn uprintf "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn ttyprintf "struct tty *tty" "const char *format" "..."
+.In sys/tprintf.h
+.Ft tpr_t
+.Fn tprintf_open "struct proc *p"
+.Ft void
+.Fn tprintf "tpr_t tpr" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn tprintf_close "tpr_t tpr"
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_normal "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_naive "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_verbose "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_debug "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_error "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_normal_dev "device_t" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_naive_dev "device_t" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_verbose_dev "device_t" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_debug_dev "device_t" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_error_dev "device_t" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_normal_ifnet "struct ifnet *" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_naive_ifnet "struct ifnet *" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_verbose_ifnet "struct ifnet *" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_debug_ifnet "struct ifnet *" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft void
+.Fn aprint_error_ifnet "struct ifnet *" "const char *format" "..."
+.Ft int
+.Fn aprint_get_error_count "void"
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Fn printf
+family of functions allows the kernel to send formatted messages to various
+output devices.
+The functions
+.Fn printf
+and
+.Fn vprintf
+send formatted strings to the system console.
+The
+.Fn device_printf
+function is identical to
+.Fn printf ,
+except that it prefixes the log message with the corresponding
+device name.
+The
+.Fn printf_nolog
+function is identical to
+.Fn printf ,
+except it does not send the data to the system log.
+The
+.Fn printf_nostamp
+function is identical to
+.Fn printf ,
+except it does not prefix the output with a timestamp.
+The functions
+.Fn snprintf ,
+.Fn vasprintf ,
+and
+.Fn vsnprintf
+write output to a string buffer.
+These five functions work similarly to their user space counterparts,
+and are not described in detail here.
+The
+.Fn vasprintf
+function allocates memory with
+.Xr kmem_alloc 9
+and it is the caller's responsibility to free the returned string with
+.Xr kmem_free 9 .
+.Pp
+The functions
+.Fn uprintf
+and
+.Fn ttyprintf
+send formatted strings to the current process's controlling tty and a specific
+tty, respectively.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn tprintf
+function sends formatted strings to a process's controlling tty,
+via a handle of type tpr_t.
+This allows multiple write operations to the tty with a guarantee that the
+tty will be valid across calls.
+A handle is acquired by calling
+.Fn tprintf_open
+with the target process as an argument.
+This handle must be closed with a matching call to
+.Fn tprintf_close .
+.Pp
+The functions
+.Fn aprint_normal ,
+.Fn aprint_naive ,
+.Fn aprint_verbose ,
+.Fn aprint_debug ,
+and
+.Fn aprint_error
+are intended to be used to print
+.Xr autoconf 9
+messages.
+Their verbosity depends on flags set in the
+.Va boothowto
+variable, through options passed during bootstrap; see
+.Xr boothowto 9
+and
+.Sx Interactive mode
+in
+.Xr boot 8 :
+.Bl -tag -width AB_VERBOSE
+.It Dv AB_SILENT
+silent mode, enabled by
+.Ic boot
+.Fl z .
+.It Dv AB_QUIET
+quiet mode, enabled by
+.Ic boot
+.Fl q .
+.It Dv AB_VERBOSE
+verbose mode, enabled by
+.Ic boot
+.Fl v .
+.It Dv AB_DEBUG
+debug mode, enabled by
+.Ic boot
+.Fl x .
+.El
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn aprint_*
+functions have the following behaviour, based on the above
+mentioned flags:
+.Bl -tag -width Xaprint_verboseXXX
+.It Fn aprint_normal
+Sends to the console unless
+.Dv AB_QUIET
+is set.
+Always sends to the log.
+.It Fn aprint_naive
+Sends to the console only if
+.Dv AB_QUIET
+is set.
+Never sends to the log.
+.It Fn aprint_verbose
+Sends to the console only if
+.Dv AB_VERBOSE
+is set.
+Always sends to the log.
+.It Fn aprint_debug
+Sends to the console and the log only if
+.Dv AB_DEBUG
+is set.
+.It Fn aprint_error
+Like
+.Fn aprint_normal ,
+but also keeps track of the number of times called.
+This allows a subsystem to report the number of errors that occurred
+during a quiet or silent initialization phase.
+.El
+.Pp
+For the
+.Fn aprint_*
+functions there are two additional families of functions with the
+suffixes
+.Dv _dev
+and
+.Dv _ifnet
+which work like their counterparts without the suffixes, except that
+they take a
+.Ft device_t
+and
+.Ft struct ifnet * ,
+respectively, as first argument,
+and prefix the log message with the
+corresponding device or interface name.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn aprint_get_error_count
+function reports the number of errors and resets the counter to 0.
+.Pp
+If
+.Dv AB_SILENT
+is set, none of the autoconfiguration message printing routines send output
+to the console.
+The
+.Dv AB_VERBOSE
+and
+.Dv AB_DEBUG
+flags override
+.Dv AB_SILENT .
+.Sh RETURN VALUES
+The
+.Fn snprintf
+and
+.Fn vsnprintf
+functions return the number of characters that would have been placed
+in the buffer
+.Fa buf ,
+if there was enough space in the buffer, not including the trailing
+.Dv NUL
+character used to terminate output strings like the user-space functions
+of the same name.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn tprintf_open
+function returns
+.Dv NULL
+if no terminal handle could be acquired.
+.Sh CODE REFERENCES
+.Pa sys/kern/subr_prf.c
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr printf 1 ,
+.Xr printf 3 ,
+.Xr snprintb 3 ,
+.Xr boot 8 ,
+.Xr autoconf 9 ,
+.Xr boothowto 9
+.Sh HISTORY
+In
+.Nx 1.5
+and earlier,
+.Fn printf
+supported more format strings than the user space
+.Fn printf .
+These nonstandard format strings are no longer supported.
+For the functionality provided by the former
+.Li %b
+format string, see
+.Xr snprintb 3 .
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn aprint_normal ,
+.Fn aprint_naive ,
+.Fn aprint_verbose ,
+and
+.Fn aprint_debug
+functions first appeared in
+.Bsx .
+.Sh BUGS
+The
+.Fn uprintf
+and
+.Fn ttyprintf
+functions should be used sparingly, if at all.
+Where multiple lines of output are required to reach a process's
+controlling terminal,
+.Fn tprintf
+is preferred.