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+.\" $NetBSD: zdump.8,v 1.26 2025/01/23 22:44:22 christos Exp $
+.\" @(#)zdump.8	8.2
+.\" This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+.\" 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+.\" .TH zdump 8
+.Dd January 23, 2025
+.Dt ZDUMP 8
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm zdump
+.Nd timezone dumper
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm zdump
+.Op Fl \-version
+.Op Fl v
+.Op Fl V
+.Op Fl c Ar [loyear,]highyear
+.Op Ar timezone ...
+.Nm zdump
+.Fl t
+.Ar [lotime,]hightime
+.Op Ar zonename ...
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Nm
+program prints the current time in each
+.Ar timezone
+named on the command line.
+A
+.Dv timezone
+of
+.Dq \&-
+is treated as if it were 
+.Pa /dev/stdin ;
+this can be used to pipe TZif data into
+.Nm zdump .
+.Sh OPTIONS
+.Bl -tag -width XXXXXXXXX -compact
+.It Fl \-version
+Output version information and exit.
+.It Fl \-help
+Output short usage message and exit.
+.It Fl i
+Output a description of time intervals.
+For each
+.Ar timezone
+on the command line, output an interval-format description of the
+timezone.
+See
+.Sx "INTERVAL FORMAT"
+below.
+.It Fl v
+Output a verbose description of time intervals.
+For each
+.Ar timezon
+on the command line,
+print the times at the two extreme time values,
+the times (if present) at and just beyond the boundaries of years that
+.Xr localtime 3
+and
+.Xr gmtime 3
+can represent, and
+the times both one second before and exactly at
+each detected time discontinuity.
+Each line is followed by
+.Em isdst=D
+where
+.Em D
+is positive, zero, or negative depending on whether
+the given time is daylight saving time, standard time,
+or an unknown time type, respectively.
+Each line is also followed by
+.Em gmtoff=N
+if the given local time is known to be
+.Em N
+seconds east of Greenwich.
+.It Fl c Ar [loyear,]highyear
+Cut off interval output at the given year(s).
+Cutoff times are computed using the proleptic Gregorian calendar with year 0
+and with Universal Time (UT) ignoring leap seconds.
+Cutoffs are at the start of each year, where the lower-bound
+timestamp is inclusive and the upper is exclusive; for example,
+.Em "\&-c 1970,2070"
+selects transitions on or after 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
+and before 2070-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.
+The default cutoff is
+.Em \&-500,2500 .
+.It Fl t Ar [lotime,]hightime
+Cut off interval output at the given time(s),
+given in decimal seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00
+Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
+The
+.Ar timezone
+determines whether the count includes leap seconds.
+As with
+.Fl c ,
+the cutoff's lower bound is inclusive and its upper bound is exclusive.
+.It Fl V
+Like
+.Fl v ,
+except omit output concerning extreme time and year values.
+This generates output that is easier to compare to that of
+implementations with different time representations.
+.El
+.Sh "INTERVAL FORMAT"
+.Pp
+The interval format is a compact text representation that is intended
+to be both human- and machine-readable.
+It consists of an empty line, then a line
+.Dq TZ=string
+where
+.Dv string
+is a double-quoted string giving the timezone, a second line
+.Dq \&- \&- interval
+describing the time interval before the first transition if any, and
+zero or more following lines
+.Dq date time interval
+one line for each transition time and following interval.
+Fields are separated by single tabs.
+.Pp
+Dates are in
+.Dv yyyy-mm-dd
+format and times are in 24-hour
+.Dv hhmmss
+format where
+.Dv hh < 24 .
+Times are in local time immediately after the transition.
+A time interval description consists of a UT offset in signed
+.Dv \&+- hh : mm : ss
+format, a time zone abbreviation, and an isdst flag.
+An abbreviation that equals the UT offset is omitted; other abbreviations are
+double-quoted strings unless they consist of one or more alphabetic
+characters.
+An isdst flag is omitted for standard time, and otherwise
+is a decimal integer that is unsigned and positive (typically 1) for
+daylight saving time and negative for unknown.
+.Pp
+In times and in UT offsets with absolute value less than 100 hours,
+the seconds are omitted if they are zero, and
+the minutes are also omitted if they are also zero.
+Positive UT offsets are east of Greenwich.  The UT offset \&-00 denotes a UT
+placeholder in areas where the actual offset is unspecified; by
+convention, this occurs when the UT offset is zero and the time zone
+abbreviation begins with
+.Dq \&-
+or is
+.Dq zzz .
+.Pp
+In double-quoted strings, escape sequences represent unusual
+characters.  The escape sequences are \es for space, and \e", \e\e,
+\ef, \en, \er, \et, and \ev with their usual meaning in the C
+programming language.
+E.g., the double-quoted string
+.Sq "CET\es\e"\e\e"
+represents the character sequence
+.Sq CET
+.Pp
+Here is an example of the output, with the leading empty line omitted.
+(This example is shown with tab stops set far enough apart so that the
+tabbed columns line up.)
+.Bd -literal
+TZ="Pacific/Honolulu"
+.Ed
+.Bl -column "XXXX-XX-XX" "HH:MM:SS" "-HHMMSS" "TZT" "X" -compact
+.It - Ta - Ta -103126 Ta LMT Ta
+.It 1896-01-13 Ta 12:01:26 Ta -1030 Ta HST Ta
+.It 1933-04-30 Ta 03 Ta -0930 Ta HDT Ta 1
+.It 1933-05-21 Ta 11 Ta -1030 Ta HST Ta
+.It 1942-02-09 Ta 03 Ta -0930 Ta HDT Ta 1
+.It 1945-08-14 Ta 13:30 Ta -0930 Ta HPT Ta 1
+.It 1945-09-30 Ta 01 Ta -1030 Ta HST Ta
+.It 1947-06-08 Ta 02:30 Ta -10 Ta HST Ta
+.El
+.Pp
+Here, local time begins 10 hours, 31 minutes and 26 seconds west of
+UT, and is a standard time abbreviated LMT.  Immediately after the
+first transition, the date is 1896-01-13 and the time is 12:01:26, and
+the following time interval is 10.5 hours west of UT, a standard time
+abbreviated HST.
+Immediately after the second transition, the date is
+1933-04-30 and the time is 03:00:00 and the following time interval is
+9.5 hours west of UT, is abbreviated HDT, and is daylight saving time.
+Immediately after the last transition the date is 1947-06-08 and the
+time is 02:30:00, and the following time interval is 10 hours west of
+UT, a standard time abbreviated HST.
+.Pp
+Here are excerpts from another example:
+.Bd -literal
+TZ="Europe/Astrakhan"
+.Ed
+.Bl -column "XXXX-XX-XX" "HH:MM:SS" "-HH:MM:SS" "TZT" "X" -compact
+.It - Ta - Ta +031212 Ta LMT Ta
+.It 1924-04-30 Ta 23:47:48 Ta +03 Ta Ta
+.It 1930-06-21 Ta 01 Ta +04 Ta Ta
+.It 1981-04-01 Ta 01 Ta +05 Ta Ta 1
+.It 1981-09-30 Ta 23 Ta +04 Ta Ta
+.It \&... Ta Ta Ta Ta
+.It 2014-10-26 Ta 01 Ta +03 Ta Ta
+.It 2016-03-27 Ta 03 Ta +04 Ta Ta
+.El
+.Pp
+This time zone is east of UT, so its UT offsets are positive.  Also,
+many of its time zone abbreviations are omitted since they duplicate
+the text of the UT offset.
+.Sh LIMITATIONS
+Time discontinuities are found by sampling the results returned by
+.Xr localtime 3
+at twelve-hour intervals.
+This works in all real-world cases;
+one can construct artificial time zones for which this fails.
+.Pp
+In the
+.Fl v
+and
+.Fl V
+output,
+.Dq UT
+denotes the value returned by
+.Xr gmtime 3 ,
+which uses UTC for modern timestamps and some other UT flavor for
+timestamps that predate the introduction of UTC.
+No attempt is currently made to have the output use
+.Dq UTC
+for newer and
+.Dq UT
+for older timestamps, partly because the exact date of the
+introduction of UTC is problematic.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr localtime 3 ,
+.Xr tzfile 5 ,
+.Xr zic 8