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+.\"	$NetBSD: disklabel.8,v 1.70 2019/07/02 16:47:19 wiz Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1987, 1988, 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" Symmetric Computer Systems.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)disklabel.8	8.2 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
+.\"
+.Dd July 2, 2019
+.Dt DISKLABEL 8
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm disklabel
+.Nd read and write disk pack label
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.\" disklabel: read label
+.Nm
+.Op Fl ACDFmnrtv
+.Op Fl B Ar endian
+.Op Fl L Ar sector
+.Op Fl M Ar machine
+.Op Fl O Ar offset
+.Op Fl P Ar size
+.Ar disk
+.\" disklabel -e: read/modify/write using $EDITOR
+.Nm
+.Fl e
+.Op Fl CDFImnrv
+.Op Fl B Ar endian
+.Op Fl L Ar sector
+.Op Fl M Ar machine
+.Op Fl O Ar offset
+.Op Fl P Ar size
+.Ar disk
+.\" disklabel -i: read/modify/write using builtin commands
+.Nm
+.Fl i
+.Op Fl DFImnrv
+.Op Fl B Ar endian
+.Op Fl L Ar sector
+.Op Fl M Ar machine
+.Op Fl O Ar offset
+.Op Fl P Ar size
+.Ar disk
+.\" disklabel -R: write from edited output
+.Nm
+.Fl R
+.Op Fl DFmnrv
+.Op Fl B Ar endian
+.Op Fl L Ar sector
+.Op Fl M Ar machine
+.Op Fl O Ar offset
+.Op Fl P Ar size
+.Ar disk Ar protofile
+.\" disklabel -w: write from disctab entry
+.Nm
+.Fl w
+.Op Fl DFmnrv
+.Op Fl B Ar endian
+.Op Fl L Ar sector
+.Op Fl M Ar machine
+.Op Fl O Ar offset
+.Op Fl P Ar size
+.Op Fl f Ar disktab
+.Ar disk Ar disktype
+.Oo Ar packid Oc
+.\" disklabel -NW: disallow/allow writes to the label sector
+.Nm
+.Op Fl NW
+.Ar disk
+.\" disklabel -l: list all know file system types
+.Nm
+.Fl l
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+can be used to install, examine, or modify the label on a disk drive or pack.
+When writing the label, it can be used to change the drive identification,
+the disk partitions on the drive, or to replace a damaged label.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl e , i , l , N , R , W ,
+and
+.Fl w
+options determine the basic operation.
+If none are specified the label
+is displayed.
+.Bl -tag -width flag
+.It Fl e
+Edit the existing label (using
+.Ev EDITOR )
+and write it back to the disk.
+If
+.Ev EDITOR
+is undefined, then
+.Xr vi 1
+is used.
+.It Fl i
+Interactively update the existing label and write it back to the disk.
+.It Fl l
+Show all known file system types (those that can be specified along a
+partition within the label) and exit.
+.It Fl N
+Disallow writes to the disk sector that contains the label.
+This is the default state.
+.It Fl R
+Write (restore) a label by reading it from
+.Ar protofile .
+The file should be in the same format as the default output.
+.It Fl W
+Allow writes to the disk sector that contains the label.
+This state may not persist if no programs have the disk open.
+.It Fl w
+Write a standard label for the specified
+.Ar disktype .
+See
+.Xr disktab 5 .
+.El
+.Pp
+The majority of the rest of the options affect more than one form of the
+command:
+.Bl -tag -width flag
+.It Fl A
+Read all labels from the disk, including ones deleted with
+.Nm
+.Fl D .
+Implies
+.Fl r .
+.It Fl B Ar endian
+Specify the byteorder of the label to be written.
+It should be:
+.Dq be
+or
+.Dq le .
+.It Fl C
+Output the partition offset and size values in
+.Aq cylinder/head/sector
+format.
+Note this format is always accepted on input with either the
+.Fl e
+or
+.Fl R
+flags.
+.It Fl D
+Delete all existing labels (by 1's complementing the magic number) before
+writing any labels to their default location.
+Implies
+.Fl r .
+If
+.Fl D
+is specified without a request to write the label, then existing labels are
+just deleted.
+.It Fl F
+Treat
+.Ar disk
+as a regular file.
+This suppresses all
+.Xr ioctl 2
+calls, and is the default if
+.Ar disk
+is a regular file.
+.Ar disk
+is always opened using
+.Xr opendisk 3
+even if
+.Fl F
+is specified.
+Implies
+.Fl r .
+.It Fl f Ar disktab
+Specify the name of a file to use instead of
+.Pa /etc/disktab .
+.It Fl I
+If a label cannot be read from
+.Ar disk
+request the default one from the kernel.
+Implies
+.Fl r .
+.It Fl L Ar sector
+Specify the relative sector number of the disklabel
+similar to the environment variable
+.Ev DISKLABELSECTOR .
+.It Fl M Ar machine
+Specify the machine to generate a label for.
+Defaults to the current machine it is compiled for.
+Specific details can be overridden via environment
+and with the options
+.Fl B , L , m , n , O ,
+and
+.Fl P .
+.It Fl m
+Expect the label to have an MBR.
+.It Fl n
+Expect the label not to have an MBR.
+.It Fl O Ar offset
+Specify the relative byte offset of the disklabel
+similar to the environment variable
+.Ev DISKLABELOFFSET .
+.It Fl P Ar size
+Specify the size of the partition table.
+.It Fl r
+Read/write the disk directly rather than using
+.Xr ioctl 2
+requests on the kernel.
+When writing a label, the kernel will be told about the label before the
+label is written and asked to write afterwards.
+This is the historic behaviour and can be suppressed by specifying
+.Fl F .
+.It Fl t
+Format the output as a
+.Xr disktab 5
+entry.
+.It Fl v
+Be verbose about the operations being done, in particular the disk sectors
+being read and written.
+Specifying
+.Fl v
+more than once will increase the verbosity.
+.El
+.Pp
+On systems that expect to have disks with MBR partitions (see
+.Xr fdisk 8 )
+.Nm
+will find, and update if requested, labels in the first 8k of type 169
+.Pq Nx
+MBR labels and within the first 8k of the physical disk.
+On other systems
+.Nm
+will only look at the start of the disk.
+The offset at which the labels are written is also system dependent.
+.Pp
+.Nm
+will detect byteswapped labels, but currently cannot display them.
+.Pp
+Previous versions of
+.Nm
+could update the bootstrap code on some architectures.
+This functionality has been subsumed by
+.Xr installboot 8 .
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width /etc/disktab -compact
+.It Pa /etc/disktab
+.El
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+The exit status of
+.Nm
+is set to indicate any errors or warnings.
+The values used are:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It 0
+The
+.Nm
+utility has completed successfully.
+.It 1
+A fatal error has occurred, such as unknown options passed on the
+command line, or writing the disklabel failed.
+.It 4
+An I/O error of some sort occurred.
+.It 101..n
+One or more warnings occurred while reading the disklabel.
+Subtract 100 to get the number of warnings detected.
+.El
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Dl Ic disklabel sd0
+.Pp
+Display the in-core label for sd0 as obtained via
+.Pa /dev/rsd0c .
+.Pp
+.Dl Ic disklabel -i -r sd0
+.Pp
+Read the on-disk label for sd0, edit it using the built-in interactive editor and reinstall in-core as well
+as on-disk.
+.Pp
+.Dl Ic disklabel -i -I sd0
+.Pp
+As previous, but do not fail if there was no label on the disk yet;
+provide some default values instead.
+.Pp
+.Dl Ic disklabel -e -I sd0
+.Pp
+As previous, only edit using $EDITOR
+.Pp
+.Dl Ic disklabel -w -r /dev/rsd0c sd2212 foo
+.Pp
+Create a label for sd0 based on information for
+.Dq sd2212
+found in
+.Pa /etc/disktab ,
+using
+.Pa foo
+as the disk pack label.
+If you do not have an entry for your disk in
+.Pa /etc/disktab ,
+you can use this style to put
+an initial label onto a new disk.
+Then dump the label to a file (using
+.Ic disklabel sd0 > protofile ) ,
+editing the file, and replacing the label with
+.Ic disklabel -R sd0 protofile .
+.Pp
+.Dl Ic disklabel -R sd0 mylabel
+.Pp
+Restore the on-disk and in-core label for sd0 from information in
+.Pa mylabel .
+.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
+The kernel device drivers will not allow the size of a disk partition
+to be decreased or the offset of a partition to be changed while it is open.
+Some device drivers create a label containing only a single large partition
+if a disk is unlabeled; thus, the label must be written to the
+.Dq a
+partition of the disk while it is open.
+This sometimes requires the desired label to be set in two steps,
+the first one creating at least one other partition,
+and the second setting the label on the new partition
+while shrinking the
+.Dq a
+partition.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr opendisk 3 ,
+.Xr disklabel 5 ,
+.Xr disktab 5 ,
+.Xr dkctl 8 ,
+.Xr fdisk 8 ,
+.Xr gpt 8 ,
+.Xr installboot 8 ,
+.Xr mbrlabel 8 ,
+.Xr mscdlabel 8
+.Sh HISTORY
+The
+.Nm
+utility appeared in
+.Bx 4.3 Tahoe .
+.Sh BUGS
+The
+.Nm
+structure stored on disk cannot support partitions/disks greater than 2TB.
+Please use
+.Xr gpt 8
+and
+.Xr dkctl 8
+to manage partitions and disks larger than 2TB.
+.Pp
+If the disk partition is not specified in the disk name
+(i.e.,
+.Ar xy0
+instead of
+.Ar /dev/rxy0c ) ,
+.Nm
+will construct the full pathname of the disk and use the
+.Dq d
+partition on i386, hpcmips, or arc, and the
+.Dq c
+partition on all others.
+.Pp
+On the sparc, sparc64, sun2, and sun3
+.Nx
+systems, the size of each partition must be a multiple of the number
+of sectors per cylinder (i.e., each partition must be an integer
+number of cylinders), or the boot ROMs will declare the label
+invalid and fail to boot the system.
+.Pp
+In addition, the
+.Fl r
+option should never be used on a sparc, sparc64, sun2, or sun3 system
+boot disk - the
+.Nx
+kernel translates the
+.Nx
+disk label into a SunOS compatible format (which is required by the
+boot PROMs) when it writes the label.
+Using the
+.Fl r
+flag causes
+.Nm
+to write directly to disk, and bypass the format translation.
+This will result in a disk label that the PROMs will not recognize,
+and that therefore cannot be booted from.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl m
+flag previously toggled between using an MBR and not using an MBR,
+with the default being implied by the machine type.
+It now always enables MBR mode, independent of the machine default.
+Use the
+.Fl n
+flag to disable MBR mode.