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+.\"	$NetBSD: disklabel.5,v 1.31 2022/08/28 10:48:16 hgutch Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1987, 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" Symmetric Computer Systems.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"     @(#)disklabel.5.5	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
+.\"
+.Dd September 11, 2016
+.Dt DISKLABEL 5
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm disklabel
+.Nd disk pack label
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.In sys/disklabel.h
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+Each disk or disk pack on a system may contain a disk label
+which provides detailed information
+about the geometry of the disk and the partitions into which the disk
+is divided.
+It should be initialized when the disk is formatted,
+and may be changed later with the
+.Xr disklabel 8
+program.
+This information is used by the system disk driver and by the bootstrap
+program to determine how to program the drive
+and where to find the file systems on the disk partitions.
+Additional information is used by the file system in order
+to use the disk most efficiently and to locate important file system information.
+The description of each partition contains an identifier for the partition
+type (standard file system, swap area, etc.).
+The file system updates the in-core copy of the label if it contains
+incomplete information about the file system.
+.Pp
+The label is located in the sector number returned by the
+.Xr getlabelsector 3
+function, usually sector 0 where it may be found
+without any information about the disk geometry.
+It is at an offset (specified by the
+.Xr getlabeloffset 3
+function)
+from the beginning of the sector, to allow room for the initial bootstrap.
+The disk sector containing the label is normally made read-only
+so that it is not accidentally overwritten by pack-to-pack copies
+or swap operations;
+the
+.Dv DIOCWLABEL
+.Xr ioctl 2 ,
+which is done as needed by the
+.Xr disklabel 8
+program.
+.Pp
+A copy of the in-core label for a disk can be obtained with the
+.Dv DIOCGDINFO
+.Xr ioctl 2 ;
+this works with a file descriptor for a block or character (``raw'') device
+for any partition of the disk.
+The in-core copy of the label is set by the
+.Dv DIOCSDINFO
+.Xr ioctl 2 .
+The offset of a partition cannot generally be changed while it is open,
+nor can it be made smaller while it is open.
+One exception is that any change is allowed if no label was found
+on the disk, and the driver was able to construct only a skeletal label
+without partition information.
+Finally, the
+.Dv DIOCWDINFO
+.Xr ioctl 2
+operation sets the in-core label and then updates the on-disk label;
+there must be an existing label on the disk for this operation to succeed.
+Thus, the initial label for a disk or disk pack must be installed
+by writing to the raw disk.
+All of these operations are normally done using
+.Xr disklabel 8 .
+.Pp
+The format of the disk label, as specified in
+.Pa sys/disklabel.h ,
+is
+.Bd -literal
+/*
+ * Disk description table, see disktab(5)
+ */
+#define	_PATH_DISKTAB	"/etc/disktab"
+
+/*
+ * Each disk has a label which includes information about the hardware
+ * disk geometry, file system partitions, and drive specific information.
+ * The location of the label, as well as the number of partitions the
+ * label can describe and the number of the "whole disk" (raw)
+ * partition are machine dependent.
+ */
+#include <machine/disklabel.h>
+
+/*
+ * The absolute maximum number of disk partitions allowed.
+ * This is the maximum value of MAXPARTITIONS for which 'struct disklabel'
+ * is <= DEV_BSIZE bytes long.  If MAXPARTITIONS is greater than this, beware.
+ */
+#define MAXMAXPARTITIONS	22
+#if MAXPARTITIONS > MAXMAXPARTITIONS
+#warning beware: MAXPARTITIONS bigger than MAXMAXPARTITIONS
+#endif
+
+
+#define DISKMAGIC	((u_int32_t)0x82564557) /* The disk magic number */
+
+#ifndef _LOCORE
+struct disklabel {
+	u_int32_t d_magic;		/* the magic number */
+	u_int16_t d_type;		/* drive type */
+	u_int16_t d_subtype;		/* controller/d_type specific */
+	char	  d_typename[16];	/* type name, e.g. "eagle" */
+
+	/*
+	 * d_packname contains the pack identifier and is returned when
+	 * the disklabel is read off the disk or in-core copy.
+	 * d_boot0 and d_boot1 are the (optional) names of the
+	 * primary (block 0) and secondary (block 1-15) bootstraps
+	 * as found in /usr/mdec.  These are returned when using
+	 * getdiskbyname(3) to retrieve the values from /etc/disktab.
+	 */
+	union {
+		char	un_d_packname[16];	/* pack identifier */
+		struct {
+			char *un_d_boot0;	/* primary bootstrap name */
+			char *un_d_boot1;	/* secondary bootstrap name */
+		} un_b;
+	} d_un;
+#define d_packname	d_un.un_d_packname
+#define d_boot0		d_un.un_b.un_d_boot0
+#define d_boot1		d_un.un_b.un_d_boot1
+
+			/* disk geometry: */
+	u_int32_t d_secsize;		/* # of bytes per sector */
+	u_int32_t d_nsectors;		/* # of data sectors per track */
+	u_int32_t d_ntracks;		/* # of tracks per cylinder */
+	u_int32_t d_ncylinders;		/* # of data cylinders per unit */
+	u_int32_t d_secpercyl;		/* # of data sectors per cylinder */
+	u_int32_t d_secperunit;		/* # of data sectors per unit */
+
+	/*
+	 * Spares (bad sector replacements) below are not counted in
+	 * d_nsectors or d_secpercyl.  Spare sectors are assumed to
+	 * be physical sectors which occupy space at the end of each
+	 * track and/or cylinder.
+	 */
+	u_int16_t d_sparespertrack;	/* # of spare sectors per track */
+	u_int16_t d_sparespercyl;	/* # of spare sectors per cylinder */
+	/*
+	 * Alternative cylinders include maintenance, replacement,
+	 * configuration description areas, etc.
+	 */
+	u_int32_t d_acylinders;		/* # of alt. cylinders per unit */
+
+			/* hardware characteristics: */
+	/*
+	 * d_interleave, d_trackskew and d_cylskew describe perturbations
+	 * in the media format used to compensate for a slow controller.
+	 * Interleave is physical sector interleave, set up by the
+	 * formatter or controller when formatting.  When interleaving is
+	 * in use, logically adjacent sectors are not physically
+	 * contiguous, but instead are separated by some number of
+	 * sectors.  It is specified as the ratio of physical sectors
+	 * traversed per logical sector.  Thus an interleave of 1:1
+	 * implies contiguous layout, while 2:1 implies that logical
+	 * sector 0 is separated by one sector from logical sector 1.
+	 * d_trackskew is the offset of sector 0 on track N relative to
+	 * sector 0 on track N-1 on the same cylinder.  Finally, d_cylskew
+	 * is the offset of sector 0 on cylinder N relative to sector 0
+	 * on cylinder N-1.
+	 */
+	u_int16_t d_rpm;		/* rotational speed */
+	u_int16_t d_interleave;		/* hardware sector interleave */
+	u_int16_t d_trackskew;		/* sector 0 skew, per track */
+	u_int16_t d_cylskew;		/* sector 0 skew, per cylinder */
+	u_int32_t d_headswitch;		/* head switch time, usec */
+	u_int32_t d_trkseek;		/* track-to-track seek, usec */
+	u_int32_t d_flags;		/* generic flags */
+#define NDDATA 5
+	u_int32_t d_drivedata[NDDATA];	/* drive-type specific information */
+#define NSPARE 5
+	u_int32_t d_spare[NSPARE];	/* reserved for future use */
+	u_int32_t d_magic2;		/* the magic number (again) */
+	u_int16_t d_checksum;		/* xor of data incl. partitions */
+
+			/* file system and partition information: */
+	u_int16_t d_npartitions;	/* number of partitions in following */
+	u_int32_t d_bbsize;		/* size of boot area at sn0, bytes */
+	u_int32_t d_sbsize;		/* max size of fs superblock, bytes */
+	struct	partition {		/* the partition table */
+		u_int32_t p_size;	/* number of sectors in partition */
+		u_int32_t p_offset;	/* starting sector */
+		u_int32_t p_fsize;	/* file system basic fragment size */
+		u_int8_t p_fstype;	/* file system type, see below */
+		u_int8_t p_frag;	/* file system fragments per block */
+		union {
+			u_int16_t cpg;	/* UFS: FS cylinders per group */
+			u_int16_t sgs;	/* LFS: FS segment shift */
+		} __partition_u1;
+#define	p_cpg	__partition_u1.cpg
+#define	p_sgs	__partition_u1.sgs
+	} d_partitions[MAXPARTITIONS];	/* actually may be more */
+};
+#else /* _LOCORE */
+	/*
+	 * offsets for asm boot files.
+	 */
+	.set	d_secsize,40
+	.set	d_nsectors,44
+	.set	d_ntracks,48
+	.set	d_ncylinders,52
+	.set	d_secpercyl,56
+	.set	d_secperunit,60
+	.set	d_end_,276		/* size of disk label */
+#endif /* _LOCORE */
+
+/* d_type values: */
+#define	DTYPE_SMD	1	/* SMD, XSMD; VAX hp/up */
+#define	DTYPE_MSCP	2	/* MSCP */
+#define	DTYPE_DEC	3	/* other DEC (rk, rl) */
+#define	DTYPE_SCSI	4	/* SCSI */
+#define	DTYPE_ESDI	5	/* ESDI interface */
+#define	DTYPE_ST506	6	/* ST506 etc. */
+#define	DTYPE_HPIB	7	/* CS/80 on HP-IB */
+#define	DTYPE_HPFL	8	/* HP Fiber-link */
+#define	DTYPE_FLOPPY	10	/* floppy */
+#define DTYPE_CCD	11	/* concatenated disk device */
+#define DTYPE_VND	12	/* vnode pseudo-disk */
+#define DTYPE_ATAPI	13	/* ATAPI */
+#define DTYPE_RAID	14	/* RAIDframe */
+#define DTYPE_LD	15	/* logical disk */
+#define DTYPE_JFS2	16	/* IBM JFS2 */
+#define DTYPE_CGD	17	/* cryptographic pseudo-disk */
+#define DTYPE_VINUM	18	/* vinum volume obsolete */
+#define DTYPE_FLASH	19	/* flash memory device */
+
+#ifdef DKTYPENAMES
+static const char *const dktypenames[] = {
+	"unknown",
+	"SMD",
+	"MSCP",
+	"old DEC",
+	"SCSI",
+	"ESDI",
+	"ST506",
+	"HP-IB",
+	"HP-FL",
+	"type 9",
+	"floppy",
+	"ccd",
+	"vnd",
+	"ATAPI",
+	"RAID",
+	"ld",
+	"jfs",
+	"cgd",
+	"obsolete vinum",
+	"flash",
+	NULL
+};
+#define DKMAXTYPES	(sizeof(dktypenames) / sizeof(dktypenames[0]) - 1)
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Filesystem type and version.
+ * Used to interpret other file system-specific
+ * per-partition information.
+ */
+#define	FS_UNUSED	0	/* unused */
+#define	FS_SWAP		1	/* swap */
+#define	FS_V6		2	/* Sixth Edition */
+#define	FS_V7		3	/* Seventh Edition */
+#define	FS_SYSV		4	/* System V */
+#define	FS_V71K		5	/* V7 with 1K blocks (4.1, 2.9) */
+#define	FS_V8		6	/* Eighth Edition, 4K blocks */
+#define	FS_BSDFFS	7	/* 4.2BSD fast file system */
+#define	FS_MSDOS	8	/* MSDOS file system */
+#define	FS_BSDLFS	9	/* 4.4BSD log-structured file system */
+#define	FS_OTHER	10	/* in use, but unknown/unsupported */
+#define	FS_HPFS		11	/* OS/2 high-performance file system */
+#define	FS_ISO9660	12	/* ISO 9660, normally CD-ROM */
+#define	FS_BOOT		13	/* partition contains bootstrap */
+#define	FS_ADOS		14	/* AmigaDOS fast file system */
+#define	FS_HFS		15	/* Macintosh HFS */
+#define	FS_FILECORE	16	/* Acorn Filecore Filing System */
+#define	FS_EX2FS	17	/* Linux Extended 2 file system */
+#define	FS_NTFS		18	/* Windows/NT file system */
+#define	FS_RAID		19	/* RAIDframe component */
+#define	FS_CCD		20	/* concatenated disk component */
+#define	FS_JFS2		21	/* IBM JFS2 */
+#define	FS_APPLEUFS	22	/* Apple UFS */
+#define	FS_VINUM	23	/* Vinum */
+
+#ifdef	FSTYPENAMES
+static const char *const fstypenames[] = {
+	"unused",
+	"swap",
+	"Version 6",
+	"Version 7",
+	"System V",
+	"4.1BSD",
+	"Eighth Edition",
+	"4.2BSD",
+	"MSDOS",
+	"4.4LFS",
+	"unknown",
+	"HPFS",
+	"ISO9660",
+	"boot",
+	"ADOS",
+	"HFS",
+	"FILECORE",
+	"Linux Ext2",
+	"NTFS",
+	"RAID",
+	"ccd",
+	"jfs",
+	"Apple UFS",
+	"obsolete vinum",
+	NULL
+};
+#define FSMAXTYPES	(sizeof(fstypenames) / sizeof(fstypenames[0]) - 1)
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * flags shared by various drives:
+ */
+#define	D_REMOVABLE	0x01	/* removable media */
+#define	D_ECC		0x02	/* supports ECC */
+#define	D_BADSECT	0x04	/* supports bad sector forw. */
+#define	D_RAMDISK	0x08	/* disk emulator */
+#define	D_CHAIN		0x10	/* can do back-back transfers */
+
+/*
+ * Drive data for SMD.
+ */
+
+#define	d_smdflags	d_drivedata[0]
+#define	D_SSE		0x1	/* supports skip sectoring */
+#define	d_mindist	d_drivedata[1]
+#define	d_maxdist	d_drivedata[2]
+#define	d_sdist		d_drivedata[3]
+
+/*
+ * Drive data for ST506.
+ */
+#define d_precompcyl	d_drivedata[0]
+#define d_gap3		d_drivedata[1]	/* used only when formatting */
+
+/*
+ * Drive data for SCSI.
+ */
+#define	d_blind		d_drivedata[0]
+
+#ifndef _LOCORE
+/*
+ * Structure used to perform a format or other raw operation,
+ * returning data and/or register values.  Register identification
+ * and format are device- and driver-dependent.
+ */
+struct format_op {
+	char	*df_buf;
+	int	df_count;	/* value-result */
+	daddr_t	df_startblk;
+	int	df_reg[8];	/* result */
+};
+
+/*
+ * Structure used internally to retrieve information about a partition
+ * on a disk.
+ */
+struct partinfo {
+	struct	disklabel *disklab;
+	struct	partition *part;
+};
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Disk specific ioctls are defined in
+.Pa sys/dkio.h .
+.Bd -literal
+.Pp
+/*
+ * Disk-specific ioctls.
+ */
+	/* get and set disklabel; DIOCGPART used internally */
+#define DIOCGDINFO   _IOR('d', 101, struct disklabel) /* get */
+#define DIOCSDINFO   _IOW('d', 102, struct disklabel) /* set */
+#define DIOCWDINFO   _IOW('d', 103, struct disklabel) /* set, update disk */
+#define DIOCGPART    _IOW('d', 104, struct partinfo)  /* get partition */
+
+	/* do format operation, read or write */
+#define DIOCRFORMAT	_IOWR('d', 105, struct format_op)
+#define DIOCWFORMAT	_IOWR('d', 106, struct format_op)
+
+#define DIOCSSTEP	_IOW('d', 107, int) /* set step rate */
+#define DIOCSRETRIES	_IOW('d', 108, int) /* set # of retries */
+#define DIOCKLABEL	_IOW('d', 119, int) /* keep/drop label on close? */
+#define DIOCWLABEL	_IOW('d', 109, int) /* write en/disable label */
+
+#define DIOCSBAD	_IOW('d', 110, struct dkbad) /* set kernel dkbad */
+#define DIOCEJECT	_IOW('d', 112, int) /* eject removable disk */
+#define DIOCLOCK	_IOW('d', 113, int) /* lock/unlock pack */
+
+	/* get default label, clear label */
+#define	DIOCGDEFLABEL	_IOR('d', 114, struct disklabel)
+#define	DIOCCLRLABEL	_IO('d', 115)
+.Ed
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr disktab 5 ,
+.Xr disklabel 8 ,
+.Xr dkctl 8
+.\" .Sh HISTORY