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+.\" $NetBSD: speaker.4,v 1.31 2024/09/07 19:13:27 rillig Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 2016 Nathanial Sloss <nathanialsloss@yahoo.com.au>
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Christopher G. Demetriou
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"          This product includes software developed for the
+.\"          NetBSD Project.  See https://www.NetBSD.org/ for
+.\"          information about NetBSD.
+.\" 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
+.\"    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" <<Id: LICENSE,v 1.2 2000/06/14 15:57:33 cgd Exp>>
+.\"
+.Dd June 13, 2017
+.Dt SPEAKER 4
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm speaker
+.Nd console speaker audio device driver
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Cd "spkr*	at pcppi?"
+.Cd "spkr*	at audio?"
+.Pp
+.In dev/spkrio.h
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The speaker device driver allows applications to control the console
+speaker on machines with a PC-like 8253 timer implementation or a synthesized
+speaker from an audio device/soundcard.
+.Pp
+Only one process may have this device open at any given time;
+.Xr open 2
+and
+.Xr close 2
+are used to lock and relinquish it.
+An attempt to
+.Xr open 2
+when another process has the device locked will return \-1 with an
+.Er EBUSY
+error indication.
+Writes to the device are interpreted as
+.Dq play strings
+in a simple
+.Tn ASCII
+melody notation.
+An
+.Fn ioctl
+for tone generation at arbitrary frequencies is also supported.
+.Pp
+For the
+.Xr pcppi 4
+device sound-generation does
+.Em not
+monopolize the processor; in fact, the driver
+spends most of its time sleeping while the PC hardware is emitting
+tones.
+Other processes may emit beeps while the driver is running.
+.Pp
+For the audio device speaker, the speaker uses one of the virtual audio
+channels.
+Enabling this device will also provide a
+.Xr wsbell 4
+keyboard bell.
+.Pp
+Applications may call
+.Fn ioctl
+on a speaker file descriptor to control the speaker driver directly;
+definitions for the
+.Fn ioctl
+interface are in
+.In dev/spkrio.h .
+.Pp
+The
+.Vt tone_t
+structure is as follows:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+typedef struct {
+	int	frequency;	/* in hertz */
+	int	duration;	/* in 1/100ths of a second */
+} tone_t;
+.Ed
+.Pp
+A frequency of zero is interpreted as a rest.
+.Pp
+At present there are four ioctls:
+.Bl -tag -width Dv
+.It Dv SPKRGETVOL
+Returns an integer, which is the current bell volume as a percentage (0\(en100).
+.It Dv SPKRSETVOL
+Accepts an integer, which is the desired volume as a percentage.
+.It Dv SPKRTONE
+Accepts a pointer to a single tone structure as third argument and plays it.
+.It Dv SPKRTUNE
+Accepts a pointer to the first of an array of tone structures and plays
+them in continuous sequence; this array must be terminated by a final member
+with a zero duration.
+.El
+.\"
+.Ss Play string language
+.\"
+The play string language is modelled on the
+.Ic PLAY
+statement conventions of
+.Tn IBM BASIC No 2.0 .
+The
+.Ic MB ,
+.Ic MF
+and
+.Ic X
+commands of
+.Ic PLAY
+are not useful in a
+.Tn UNIX
+environment and are not implemented.
+The
+.Dq octave-tracking
+feature is also new.
+.Pp
+There are 84 accessible notes numbered 1\(en84 in 7 octaves numbered 0\(en6;
+octave\~2 starts with middle C.
+The tuning is equal-tempered A440.
+.Pp
+In the initial state the current octave is 4,
+the default note duration is quarter notes,
+the tempo is 120 bpm,
+and the articulation is non-legato or normal,
+i.e. half-second notes with the last 1/16th second being
+.Dq rest time .
+.Pp
+Play strings are interpreted left to right as a series of play command groups.
+Letter case is ignored.
+Whitespace between groups is ignored
+and may be used to separate melody sections.
+Play command groups are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ic
+.It Ic C , D , E , F , G , A , B
+Letters
+.Sq Ic A
+through
+.Sq Ic G
+cause the corresponding note to be played in the current octave.
+A note letter may optionally be followed by an
+.Em accidental sign ,
+one of
+.Sq Ic \&# ,
+.Sq Ic \&+ ,
+or
+.Sq Ic \&- ;
+the first two of these cause it to be sharped one
+half-tone, the last causes it to be flatted one half-tone.
+It may also be
+followed by a time value number and by sustain dots (see below).
+Time values are interpreted as for the
+.Sq Ic L
+command below;.
+.\"
+.It Ic O Ns Ar n , Ic OL , Ic ON
+If
+.Ar n
+is numeric, this sets the current octave.
+.Sq Ic OL
+enables, and
+.Sq Ic ON
+disables
+.Em octave-tracking
+(it is disabled by default).
+When octave-tracking is on, interpretation of a pair of letter notes will
+change octaves if necessary in order to make the smallest possible jump between
+notes.
+Thus
+.Dq Li olbc
+will be played as
+.Dq Li olb>c ,
+and
+.Dq Li olcb
+as
+.Dq Li olc<b .
+Octave tracking is temporarily disabled for one letter note that follows
+.Sq Ic \&> ,
+.Sq Ic \&<
+or
+.Sq Ic O Ns Ar n .
+.\"
+.It Ic \&>
+Bump the current octave up one.
+.\"
+.It Ic \&<
+Drop the current octave down one.
+.\"
+.It Ic N Ns Ar n
+Play note
+.Ar n ,
+.Ar n
+being 1 to 84 or 0 for a rest of current time value.
+May be followed by sustain dots.
+.\"
+.It Ic L Ns Ar n
+Sets the current time value for notes.
+The default is
+.Dq Li L4 ,
+quarter notes.
+The lowest possible value is 1; values up to 64 are accepted.
+.Dq Li L1
+sets whole notes,
+.Dq Li L2
+sets half notes,
+.Dq Li L4
+sets quarter notes, etc...
+.\"
+.It Ic P Ns Ar n , Ic \&~ Ns Ar n
+Pause (rest), with
+.Ar n
+interpreted as for
+.Sq Ic L .
+May be followed by sustain dots.
+.\"
+.It Ic T Ns Ar n
+Sets the number of quarter notes per minute; default is 120.
+Musical names for common tempi are:
+.Bl -column "very slow" "Larghissimo" "999\(en999" -offset indent
+.It           Ta Sy "Tempo"  Ta Sy "BPM"
+.It very slow Ta Larghissimo Ta ""
+.It           Ta Largo       Ta 40\(en60
+.It           Ta Larghetto   Ta 60\(en66
+.It           Ta Grave       Ta ""
+.It           Ta Lento       Ta ""
+.It           Ta Adagio      Ta 66\(en76
+.It slow      Ta Adagietto   Ta ""
+.It           Ta Andante     Ta 76\(en108
+.It medium    Ta Andantino   Ta ""
+.It           Ta Moderato    Ta 108\(en120
+.It fast      Ta Allegretto  Ta ""
+.It           Ta Allegro     Ta 120\(en168
+.It           Ta Vivace      Ta ""
+.It           Ta Veloce      Ta ""
+.It           Ta Presto      Ta 168\(en208
+.It very fast Ta Prestissimo Ta ""
+.El
+.\"
+.It Ic ML , Ic MN , Ic MS
+Set articulation.
+.Sq Ic MN
+(for normal) is the default; the last 1/8th of
+the note's value is rest time.
+You can set
+.Sq Ic ML
+for legato (no rest time) or
+.Sq Ic MS
+for staccato (1/4 rest time).
+.El
+.Pp
+Notes, that is,
+.Ic C , D , E , F , G , A , B ,
+or
+.Ic N
+command character groups, may be followed by sustain dots.
+Each dot causes the note's value to be lengthened by one-half
+for each one.
+Thus, a note dotted once is held for 3/2 of its undotted value;
+dotted twice, it is held 9/4, and three times would give 27/8.
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width Pa -compact
+.It Pa /dev/speaker
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr audio 4 ,
+.Xr pcppi 4 ,
+.Xr wsbell 4 ,
+.Xr sysctl 8
+.Sh HISTORY
+This
+.Nm
+device was originally for the pcppi PC timer interface.
+Support was added for a synthesized device by Nathanial Sloss, first appearing
+in
+.Nx 8.0 .
+.Sh AUTHORS
+.An Eric S. Raymond Aq Mt esr@snark.thyrsus.com
+.Sh BUGS
+Due to roundoff in the pitch tables and slop in the tone-generation and timer
+hardware (neither of which was designed for precision), neither pitch accuracy
+nor timings will be mathematically exact.
+.Pp
+There is no volume control.
+.Pp
+The action of two or more sustain dots does not reflect standard musical
+notation, in which each dot adds half the value of the previous dot
+modifier, not half the value of the note as modified.
+Thus, a note dotted
+once is held for 3/2 of its undotted value; dotted twice, it is held 7/4,
+and three times would give 15/8.
+The multiply-by-3/2 interpretation,
+however, is specified in the
+.Tn IBM BASIC
+manual and has been retained for compatibility.
+.Pp
+In play strings which are very long (longer than your system's physical I/O
+blocks) note suffixes or numbers may occasionally be parsed incorrectly due
+to crossing a block boundary.