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+.\"	$NetBSD: le.4,v 1.25 2022/06/11 15:25:52 tsutsui Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1992, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This software was developed by the Computer Systems Engineering group
+.\" at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory under DARPA contract BG 91-66 and
+.\" contributed to Berkeley.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	from: Header: le.4,v 1.2 92/10/13 05:31:33 leres Exp
+.\"	from: @(#)le.4	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/9/93
+.\"
+.Dd June 11, 2022
+.Dt LE 4
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm le
+.Nd AMD 7990, 79C90, 79C960 LANCE Ethernet interface driver
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Ss ISA boards
+.Cd "nele0 at isa? port 0x320 irq 9 drq 7    # NE2100"
+.Cd "le* at nele?"
+.Cd "bicc0 at isa? port 0x320 irq 10 drq 7   # BICC Isolan"
+.Cd "le* at bicc?"
+.Cd "depca0 at isa? port 0x300 iomem 0xc8000 iosiz 0x8000 irq 5 # DEC DEPCA"
+.Cd "le* at depca?"
+.Cd "le* at isapnp?                          # ISA Plug-and-Play adapters"
+.Ss EISA boards
+.Cd "depca* at eisa? slot ?                  # DEC DE422"
+.Cd "le* at depca?"
+.Ss MCA boards
+.Cd "le* at mca? slot ?                      # SKNET Personal/MC2+"
+.Ss TURBOchannel PMAD-A or onboard (alpha, pmax)
+.Cd "le* at tc? slot ? offset ?"
+.Ss alpha
+.Cd "le* at ioasic? offset ?"
+.Ss amiga
+.Cd "le* at zbus0"
+.Ss atari
+.Cd "le0 at vme0 irq 4  # BVME410"
+.Cd "le0 at vme0 irq 5  # Riebl/PAM"
+.Ss hp300
+.Cd "le* at dio? scode ?"
+.Ss luna68k
+.Cd "le0 at mainbus0"
+.Ss mvme68k
+.Cd "le0 at pcc? ipl 3  # MVME147"
+.Ss news68k
+.Cd "le0 at hb0 addr 0xe0f00000 ipl 4"
+.Ss newsmips
+.Cd "le0 at hb0 addr 0xbff80000 level 1"
+.Ss pmax
+.Cd "le* at ioasic? offset ?"
+.Cd "le* at ibus0 addr ?"
+.Ss sparc and sparc64
+.Cd "le* at sbus? slot ? offset ?"
+.Cd "le* at ledma0 slot ? offset ?"
+.Cd "le* at lebuffer? slot ? offset ?"
+.Ss sun3
+.Cd "le0 at obio0 addr 0x120000 ipl 3"
+.Cd "options LANCE_REVC_BUG"
+.Ss vax
+.Cd "le0 at vsbus0 csr 0x200e0000"
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Nm
+interface provides access to a
+.Tn Ethernet
+network via the
+.Tn AMD
+Am7990 and Am79C90 (CMOS, pin-compatible)
+.Tn LANCE
+(Local Area Network Controller - Ethernet) chip set.
+.Pp
+In previous releases of
+.Nx ,
+the
+.Nm
+driver also supported PCnet-PCI cards based on the
+.Tn AMD 79c970
+chipset, which is a single-chip implementation of an
+Ethernet interface that has a
+.Tn LANCE
+compatibility mode combined with a
+.Tn PCI
+bus interface.
+PCnet-PCI interfaces have been supported by the
+.Xr pcn 4
+driver since
+.Nx 1.6 .
+.Pp
+Each of the host's network addresses
+is specified at boot time with an
+.Dv SIOCSIFADDR
+.Xr ioctl 2 .
+The
+.Nm
+interface employs the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) described in
+.Xr arp 4
+to dynamically map between Internet and
+.Tn Ethernet
+addresses on the local network.
+.Pp
+Selective reception of multicast Ethernet frames is provided
+by a 64-bit mask; multicast destination addresses are hashed to a
+bit entry using the Ethernet CRC function.
+.Pp
+The use of
+.Qq trailer
+encapsulation to minimize copying data on input and output is
+supported by the interface but offers no advantage on systems with
+large page sizes.
+The use of trailers is automatically negotiated with
+.Tn ARP .
+This negotiation may be disabled, on a per-interface basis, with
+.Xr ifconfig 8 .
+.Sh HARDWARE
+.Ss amiga
+The
+.Nm
+interface supports the following Zorro II expansion cards:
+.Bl -tag -width "AMERISTAR" -offset indent
+.It Em A2065
+Commodore's Ethernet card, manufacturer\ 514, product\ 112
+.It Em AMERISTAR
+Ameristar's Ethernet card, manufacturer\ 1053, product\ 1
+.It Em ARIADNE
+Village Tronic's Ethernet card, manufacturer\ 2167, product\ 201
+.El
+.Pp
+The A2065 and Ameristar Ethernet cards support only manual media selection.
+.Pp
+The Ariadne card supports a software media selection for its two
+different connectors:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
+.It 10Base2/BNC
+also known as thinwire-Ethernet
+.It 10BaseT/UTP
+also known as twisted pair
+.El
+.Pp
+The Ariadne card uses an autoselect between UTP and BNC, so it uses
+UTP when an active UTP line is connected or otherwise BNC.
+See
+.Xr ifmedia 4
+for media selection options for
+.Xr ifconfig 8 .
+.Ss ISA
+The ISA-bus Ethernet cards supported by the
+.Nm
+interface are:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width xxxx -offset indent -compact
+.It BICC Isolan
+.It Novell NE2100
+.It Digital DEPCA
+.El
+.Ss EISA
+The EISA-bus Ethernet cards supported by the
+.Nm
+interface are:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width xxxx -offset indent -compact
+.It DEC DE422
+.El
+.Ss MCA
+The MCA-bus Ethernet cards supported by the
+.Nm
+interface are:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width xxxx -offset indent -compact
+.It SKNET Personal MC2
+.It SKNET MC2+
+.El
+.Ss pmax
+All
+.Tn LANCE
+interfaces on
+.Tn DECstations
+are supported, as are interfaces on
+.Tn "Alpha AXP"
+machines with a
+.Tn TURBOchannel
+bus.
+.Pp
+No support is provided for switching between media ports.
+The
+.Tn DECstation
+3100 provides both AUI and BNC (thinwire or 10BASE2) connectors.
+Port selection is via a manual switch and is not software configurable.
+.Pp
+The
+.Tn DECstation
+model 5000/200
+.Tn PMAD-AA
+baseboard device provides only a BNC connector.
+.Pp
+The
+.Nm ioasic
+baseboard devices and the
+.Tn PMAD-AA
+.Tn TURBOchannel
+option card provide only an AUI port.
+.Ss sparc
+The
+.Tn Sbus
+.Tn Ethernet
+cards supported by the
+.Nm
+interface include:
+.Bl -tag -width xxxx -offset indent -compact
+.It SBE/S
+.Tn SCSI
+and Buffered
+.Tn Ethernet
+(sun part 501-1860)
+.It FSBE/S
+Fast
+.Tn SCSI
+and Buffered
+.Tn Ethernet
+(sun part 501-2015)
+.It Antares SBus 10Base-T Ethernet
+.Tn Buffered Ethernet
+(antares part 20-050-1007)
+.El
+.Pp
+Interfaces attached to an
+.Sy ledma0
+on SPARC systems typically have two types of connectors:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -offset indent -width xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
+.It AUI/DIX
+Standard 15 pin connector
+.It 10BaseT
+UTP, also known as twisted pair
+.El
+.Pp
+The appropriate connector can be selected by supplying a
+.Cm media
+parameter to
+.Xr ifconfig 8 .
+The supported arguments for
+.Cm media
+are:
+.Bl -tag -offset indent -width xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
+.It Sy 10base5/AUI
+to select the AUI connector, or
+.It Sy 10baseT/UTP
+to select the UTP connector.
+.El
+.Pp
+If a
+.Cm media
+parameter is not specified, a default connector is selected for
+use by examining all media types for carrier.
+The first connector on which a carrier is detected will be selected.
+Additionally, if carrier is dropped on a port, the driver will
+switch between the possible ports until one with carrier is found.
+.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
+.Bl -diag
+.It "le%d: overflow"
+More packets came in from the Ethernet than there was space in the
+receive buffers.
+Packets were missed.
+.It "le%d: receive buffer error"
+Ran out of buffer space, packet dropped.
+.It "le%d: lost carrier"
+The Ethernet carrier disappeared during an attempt to transmit.
+It will finish transmitting the current packet,
+but will not automatically retry transmission if there is a collision.
+.It "le%d: excessive collisions, tdr %d"
+Ethernet extremely busy or jammed,
+outbound packets dropped after 16 attempts to retransmit.
+.Pp
+.Sy TDR
+is
+.Qq Time Domain Reflectometry .
+The
+.Tn LANCE
+TDR value is an internal counter of the interval between the start
+of a transmission and the occurrence of a collision.
+This value can be used to determine the distance from the Ethernet
+tap to the point on the Ethernet cable that is shorted or open
+(unterminated).
+.It "le%d: dropping chained buffer"
+Packet didn't fit into a single receive buffer, packet dropped.
+Since the
+.Nm
+driver allocates buffers large enough to receive the maximum size
+.Tn Ethernet
+packet, this means some other station on the LAN transmitted a
+packet larger than allowed by the
+.Tn Ethernet
+standard.
+.It "le%d: transmit buffer error"
+.Tn LANCE
+ran out of buffer before finishing the transmission of a packet.
+If this error occurs, the driver software has a bug.
+.It "le%d: underflow"
+.Tn LANCE
+ran out of buffer before finishing the transmission of a packet.
+If this error occurs, the driver software has a bug.
+.It "le%d: controller failed to initialize"
+Driver failed to start the AM7990
+.Tn LANCE .
+This is potentially a hardware failure.
+.It "le%d: memory error"
+.Tn RAM
+failed to respond within the timeout when the
+.Tn LANCE
+wanted to read or write it.
+This is potentially a hardware failure.
+.It "le%d: receiver disabled"
+The
+.Tn LANCE
+receiver was turned off due to an error.
+.It "le%d: transmitter disabled"
+The
+.Tn LANCE
+transmitter was turned off due to an error.
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr arp 4 ,
+.Xr ifmedia 4 ,
+.Xr inet 4 ,
+.Xr intro 4 ,
+.Xr mca 4 ,
+.Xr pcn 4 ,
+.Xr ifconfig 8
+.Rs
+.%R "Am79C90 - CMOS Local Area Network Controller for Ethernet"
+.%D May 1994
+.%N 17881
+.%O Advanced Micro Devices
+.Re
+.Sh HISTORY
+The pmax
+.Nm
+driver is derived from a
+.Nm
+driver that first appeared in
+.Bx 4.4 .
+Support for multiple bus attachments first appeared in
+.Nx 1.2 .
+.Pp
+The
+.Tn Amiga
+.Nm
+interface first appeared in
+.Nx 1.0
+.Pp
+The Ariadne Ethernet card first appeared with the
+.Tn Amiga
+ae interface in
+.Nx 1.1
+and was converted to the
+.Tn Amiga
+.Nm
+interface in
+.Nx 1.3
+.Sh BUGS
+The Am7990 Revision C chips have a bug which causes garbage to
+be inserted in front of the received packet occasionally.
+The work-around is to ignore packets with an invalid destination
+address (garbage will usually not match), by double-checking the
+destination address of every packet in the driver.
+This work-around is enabled with the
+.Dv LANCE_REVC_BUG
+kernel option.
+.Pp
+When
+.Dv LANCE_REVC_BUG
+is enabled, the
+.Nm
+driver executes one or two calls to an inline Ethernet address
+comparison function for every received packet.
+On the
+.Tn mc68000
+it is exactly eight instructions of 16 bits each.
+There is one comparison for each unicast packet, and two
+comparisons for each broadcast packet.
+.Pp
+In summary, the cost of the LANCE_REVC_BUG option is:
+.Bl -enum -compact
+.It
+loss of multicast support, and
+.It
+eight extra
+.Tn CPU
+instructions per received packet, sometimes sixteen,
+depending on both the processor, and the type of packet.
+.El
+.Pp
+All sun3 systems are presumed to have this bad revision of the Am7990,
+until proven otherwise.
+Alas, the only way to prove what revision of the chip is in a
+particular system is inspection of the date code on the chip package,
+to compare against a list of what chip revisions were fabricated
+between which dates.
+.Pp
+Alas, the Am7990 chip is so old that
+.Tn AMD
+has
+.Qq de-archived
+the production information about it; pending a search elsewhere,
+we don't know how to identify the revision C chip from the date
+codes.
+.Pp
+On all pmax front-ends, performance is impaired by hardware which
+forces a software copy of packets to and from DMA buffers.
+The
+.Nm ioasic
+machines and the
+.Tn DECstation
+3100 must
+copy packets to and from non-contiguous DMA buffers.
+The
+.Tn DECstation
+5000/200 and the
+.Tn PMAD-AA
+must copy to and from an onboard SRAM DMA buffer.
+The CPU overhead is noticeable, but all machines
+can sustain full 10 Mb/s media speed.