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authorJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-25 19:55:15 -0400
committerJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-25 19:55:15 -0400
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+<table class="head">
+ <tr>
+ <td class="head-ltitle">INET(4)</td>
+ <td class="head-vol">Device Drivers Manual</td>
+ <td class="head-rtitle">INET(4)</td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+<div class="manual-text">
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">inet</code> &#x2014; <span class="Nd">Internet
+ protocol family</span></p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="permalink" href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="In">#include
+ &lt;<a class="In">sys/types.h</a>&gt;</code>
+ <br/>
+ <code class="In">#include &lt;<a class="In">netinet/in.h</a>&gt;</code></p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The Internet protocol family is a collection of protocols layered
+ atop the
+ <a class="permalink" href="#Internet"><i class="Em" id="Internet">Internet
+ Protocol</i></a> (IP) transport layer, and using the Internet address
+ format. The Internet family provides protocol support for the
+ <code class="Dv">SOCK_STREAM</code>, <code class="Dv">SOCK_DGRAM</code>, and
+ <code class="Dv">SOCK_RAW</code> socket types; the
+ <code class="Dv">SOCK_RAW</code> interface provides access to the IP
+ protocol.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="ADDRESSING"><a class="permalink" href="#ADDRESSING">ADDRESSING</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">Internet addresses are four byte quantities, stored in network
+ standard format (on the VAX these are word and byte reversed). The include
+ file <code class="In">&lt;<a class="In">netinet/in.h</a>&gt;</code> defines
+ this address as a discriminated union.</p>
+<p class="Pp">Sockets bound to the Internet protocol family use the following
+ addressing structure,</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>struct sockaddr_in {
+ uint8_t sin_len;
+ sa_family_t sin_family;
+ in_port_t sin_port;
+ struct in_addr sin_addr;
+ int8_t sin_zero[8];
+};</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">Sockets may be created with the local address
+ <code class="Dv">INADDR_ANY</code> to effect &#x201C;wildcard&#x201D;
+ matching on incoming messages. The address in a <a class="Xr">connect(2)</a>
+ or <a class="Xr">sendto(2)</a> call may be given as
+ <code class="Dv">INADDR_ANY</code> to mean &#x201C;this host&#x201D;. The
+ distinguished address <code class="Dv">INADDR_BROADCAST</code> is allowed as
+ a shorthand for the broadcast address on the primary network if the first
+ network configured supports broadcast.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="PROTOCOLS"><a class="permalink" href="#PROTOCOLS">PROTOCOLS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The Internet protocol family comprises the IP transport protocol,
+ Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Transmission Control Protocol
+ (TCP), and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is used to support the
+ <code class="Dv">SOCK_STREAM</code> abstraction while UDP is used to support
+ the <code class="Dv">SOCK_DGRAM</code> abstraction. A raw interface to IP is
+ available by creating an Internet socket of type
+ <code class="Dv">SOCK_RAW</code>. The ICMP message protocol is accessible
+ from a raw socket.</p>
+<p class="Pp">The 32-bit Internet address contains both network and host parts.
+ It is frequency-encoded; the most-significant bit is clear in Class A
+ addresses, in which the high-order 8 bits are the network number. Class B
+ addresses use the high-order 16 bits as the network field, and Class C
+ addresses have a 24-bit network part. Sites with a cluster of local networks
+ and a connection to the Internet may chose to use a single network number
+ for the cluster; this is done by using subnet addressing. The local (host)
+ portion of the address is further subdivided into subnet and host parts.
+ Within a subnet, each subnet appears to be an individual network;
+ externally, the entire cluster appears to be a single, uniform network
+ requiring only a single routing entry. Subnet addressing is enabled and
+ examined by the following <a class="Xr">ioctl(2)</a> commands on a datagram
+ socket in the Internet domain; they have the same form as the
+ <code class="Dv">SIOCIFADDR</code> command (see
+ <a class="Xr">netintro(4)</a>).</p>
+<dl class="Bl-tag">
+ <dt id="SIOCSIFNETMASK"><a class="permalink" href="#SIOCSIFNETMASK"><code class="Dv">SIOCSIFNETMASK</code></a></dt>
+ <dd>Set interface network mask. The network mask defines the network part of
+ the address; if it contains more of the address than the address type
+ would indicate, then subnets are in use.</dd>
+ <dt id="SIOCGIFNETMASK"><a class="permalink" href="#SIOCGIFNETMASK"><code class="Dv">SIOCGIFNETMASK</code></a></dt>
+ <dd>Get interface network mask.</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
+ ALSO</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr">ioctl(2)</a>, <a class="Xr">socket(2)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">icmp(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">intro(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">ip(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">netintro(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">tcp(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">udp(4)</a></p>
+<p class="Pp"><cite class="Rs"><span class="RsA">Stuart Sechrest</span>,
+ <span class="RsT">An Introductory 4.4BSD Interprocess Communication
+ Tutorial</span>.</cite> (see
+ <span class="Pa">/usr/share/doc/reference/ref3/sockets</span>)</p>
+<p class="Pp"><cite class="Rs"><span class="RsA">Samuel J. Leffler</span>,
+ <span class="RsA">Robert S. Fabry</span>, <span class="RsA">William N.
+ Joy</span>, <span class="RsA">Phil Lapsley</span>, <span class="RsA">Steve
+ Miller</span>, and <span class="RsA">Chris Torek</span>,
+ <span class="RsT">Advanced 4.4BSD IPC Tutorial</span>.</cite> (see
+ <span class="Pa">/usr/share/doc/reference/ref3/sockets-advanced</span>)</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="permalink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">inet</code> protocol interface appeared in
+ <span class="Ux">4.2BSD</span>.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="BUGS"><a class="permalink" href="#BUGS">BUGS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The Internet protocol support is subject to change as the Internet
+ protocols develop. Users should not depend on details of the current
+ implementation, but rather the services exported.</p>
+</section>
+</div>
+<table class="foot">
+ <tr>
+ <td class="foot-date">June 28, 2022</td>
+ <td class="foot-os">NetBSD 10.1</td>
+ </tr>
+</table>