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+.\"	$NetBSD: fork.2,v 1.27 2025/07/17 17:16:07 kre Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)fork.2	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
+.\"
+.Dd July 8, 2025
+.Dt FORK 2
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm fork
+.Nd create a new process
+.Sh LIBRARY
+.Lb libc
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.In unistd.h
+.Ft pid_t
+.Fn fork void
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Fn fork
+causes creation of a new process.
+The new process (child process) is an exact copy of the
+calling process (parent process) except for the following:
+.Bl -bullet -offset indent
+.It
+The child process has a unique process ID.
+.It
+The child process has a different parent
+process ID (i.e., the process ID of the parent process).
+.It
+The child process has its own copy of the parent's descriptors.
+These descriptors reference the same underlying objects, so that,
+for instance, file pointers in file objects are shared between
+the child and the parent, so that an
+.Xr lseek 2
+on a descriptor in the child process can affect a subsequent
+.Xr read 2
+or
+.Xr write 2
+by the parent.
+This descriptor copying is also used by the shell to
+establish standard input and output for newly created processes
+as well as to set up pipes.
+Any file descriptors that were marked with the close-on-fork flag,
+.Dv FD_CLOFORK
+.Po see
+.Fn fcntl 2
+and
+.Dv O_CLOFORK
+in
+.Fn open 2
+.Pc ,
+will not be present in the child process, but remain open in the parent.
+.It
+The child process' resource utilizations
+are set to 0; see
+.Xr setrlimit 2 .
+.El
+.Pp
+In general, the child process should call
+.Xr _exit 2
+rather than
+.Xr exit 3 .
+Otherwise, any stdio buffers that exist both in the parent and child
+will be flushed twice.
+Similarly,
+.Xr _exit 2
+should be used to prevent
+.Xr atexit 3
+routines from being called twice (once in the parent and once in the child).
+.Pp
+In case of a threaded program, only the thread calling
+.Fn fork
+is still running in the child processes.
+.Pp
+Child processes of a threaded program have additional restrictions,
+a child must only call functions that are async-signal-safe.
+Very few functions are asynchronously safe
+(the list may be found in
+.Xr sigaction 2 )
+and applications should make sure they call
+.Xr exec 3
+as soon as possible.
+.Sh RETURN VALUES
+Upon successful completion,
+.Fn fork
+returns a value
+of 0 to the child process and returns the process ID of the child
+process to the parent process.
+Otherwise, a value of \-1 is returned to the parent process, no
+child process is created, and the global variable
+.Va errno
+is set to indicate the error.
+.Sh ERRORS
+.Fn fork
+will fail and no child process will be created if:
+.Bl -tag -width XEAGAINXX
+.It Bq Er EAGAIN
+The system-imposed limit on the total
+number of processes under execution would be exceeded.
+This limit is configuration-dependent; or
+the limit
+.Dv RLIMIT_NPROC
+on the total number of
+processes under execution by this user ID would be exceeded.
+.It Bq Er ENOMEM
+There is insufficient swap space for the new process.
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr _exit 2 ,
+.Xr execve 2 ,
+.Xr setrlimit 2 ,
+.Xr vfork 2 ,
+.Xr wait 2 ,
+.Xr pthread_atfork 3
+.Sh STANDARDS
+The
+.Fn fork
+function conforms to
+.St -p1003.1-90 .
+.Sh HISTORY
+A
+.Fn fork
+system call appeared in
+.At v1 .