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+.\"	$NetBSD: close.2,v 1.19 2024/12/21 18:56:28 riastradh Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993, 1994
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"     @(#)close.2	8.2 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
+.\"
+.Dd September 1, 2019
+.Dt CLOSE 2
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm close
+.Nd delete a descriptor
+.Sh LIBRARY
+.Lb libc
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.In unistd.h
+.Ft int
+.Fn close "int d"
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Fn close
+system call deletes a descriptor from the per-process object
+reference table.
+If this is the last reference to the underlying object, the
+object will be deactivated.
+For example, on the last close of a file the current
+.Em seek
+pointer associated with the file is lost; on the last close of a
+.Xr socket 2
+associated naming information and queued data are discarded; on
+the last close of a file holding an advisory lock the lock is
+released (see
+.Xr flock 2 ) .
+.Pp
+When a process exits, all associated descriptors are freed, but
+since there is a limit on active descriptors per processes, the
+.Fn close
+system call
+is useful when a large quantity of file descriptors are being handled.
+.Pp
+When a process calls
+.Xr fork 2 ,
+all descriptors for the new child process reference the same
+objects as they did in the parent before the
+.Fn fork .
+If a new process is then to be run using
+.Xr execve 2 ,
+the process would normally inherit these descriptors.
+Most of the descriptors can be rearranged with
+.Xr dup2 2
+or deleted with
+.Fn close
+before the
+.Fn execve
+is attempted, but if some of these descriptors will still be needed if the
+.Fn execve
+fails, it is necessary to arrange for them to be closed only if the
+.Fn execve
+succeeds.
+For this reason, the system call
+.Bl -item -offset indent
+.It
+.Fn fcntl d F_SETFD 1 ;
+.El
+.Pp
+is provided,
+which arranges that a descriptor
+.Dq Fa d
+will be closed after a successful
+.Fn execve ;
+the system call
+.Bl -item -offset indent
+.It
+.Fn fcntl d F_SETFD 0 ;
+.El
+.Pp
+restores the default, which is to not close descriptor
+.Dq Fa d .
+.Sh RETURN VALUES
+Upon successful completion, a value of 0 is returned.
+Otherwise, a value of \-1 is returned and
+.Va errno
+is set to indicate the error.
+.Pp
+In either case, if
+.Fa d
+was an active descriptor, it is no longer active.
+That is,
+.Fn close
+always closes the file descriptor, and, if it was the last reference to
+the underlying object, frees the associated resources \(em even if some
+underlying I/O fails or it is interrupted by a signal.
+.Pp
+Callers must not retry failed
+.Fn close ,
+even on
+.Er EINTR .
+Retrying may inadvertently close a descriptor that was created by
+another thread concurrently after the first call to
+.Fn close
+failed.
+.Sh ERRORS
+.Fn close
+will fail if:
+.Bl -tag -width Er
+.It Bq Er EBADF
+.Fa d
+is not an active descriptor.
+.It Bq Er EINTR
+An interrupt was received.
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr accept 2 ,
+.Xr execve 2 ,
+.Xr fcntl 2 ,
+.Xr flock 2 ,
+.Xr open 2 ,
+.Xr pipe 2 ,
+.Xr socket 2 ,
+.Xr socketpair 2
+.Sh STANDARDS
+The
+.Fn close
+function conforms to
+.St -p1003.1-90 .
+.Pp
+The finality of
+.Fn close ,
+even on error, is not specified by POSIX, but most operating systems,
+including
+.Fx ,
+.Ox ,
+Linux, and Solaris, implement the same semantics.
+.Sh HISTORY
+The
+.Fn close
+function appeared in
+.At v1 .