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+.\"	$NetBSD: tip.1,v 1.37 2025/05/26 19:28:33 gutteridge Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)tip.1	8.4 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
+.\"
+.Dd May 26, 2025
+.Dt TIP 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm tip ,
+.Nm cu
+.Nd serial terminal emulator
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl v
+.Fl Ns Ns Ar speed
+.Ar system\-name
+.Nm
+.Op Fl v
+.Fl Ns Ns Ar speed
+.Ar phone\-number
+.Nm cu
+.Op Ar options
+.Ar phone\-number
+.Nm cu
+.Op Ar options
+.Dq Ar dir
+.Nm cu
+.Fl -help
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+and
+.Nm cu
+are used to connect to another system over a serial link.
+In the era before modern networks, they were typically used to
+connect to a modem in order to dial in to a remote host.
+They are now frequently used for tasks such as attaching to the
+serial console of another machine for administrative or
+debugging purposes.
+.Pp
+The following option is available for
+.Nm :
+.Bl -tag -width 4n
+.It Fl v
+Set verbose mode.
+.El
+.Pp
+The following options are available for
+.Nm cu :
+.Bl -tag -width 4n
+.It Fl a Ar acu
+Set the ACU port.
+.It Fl c Ar number
+Call this number.
+.It Fl E Ar char
+Use this escape character.
+.It Fl e
+Use even parity.
+.It Fl F Ar flow
+Set flow control to
+.Ar hard ,
+.Ar soft ,
+or
+.Ar none .
+.It Fl f
+Use no flow control.
+.It Fl h
+Echo characters locally (half-duplex mode).
+.It Fl l Ar line
+Specify the line to use.
+Either of the forms like
+.Pa tty00
+or
+.Pa /dev/tty00
+are permitted.
+.It Fl n
+No escape (disable tilde).
+.It Fl o
+Use odd parity.
+.It Fl P Ar parity
+Set parity to
+.Ar even ,
+.Ar odd ,
+or
+.Ar none .
+By default, no parity is used.
+.It Fl p Ar acu
+Set the ACU port.
+.It Fl s Ar speed
+Set the speed of the connection.
+Defaults to 9600.
+.It Fl t
+Connect via a hard-wired connection to a host on a dial-up line.
+.El
+.Pp
+If
+.Ar speed
+is specified it will override any baudrate specified in the system
+description being used.
+.Pp
+If neither
+.Ar speed
+nor
+.Ar system-name
+are specified,
+.Ar system-name
+will be set to the value of the
+.Ev HOST
+environment variable.
+.Pp
+If
+.Ar speed
+is specified but
+.Ar system-name
+is not,
+.Ar system-name
+will be set to a value of
+.Dq tip
+with
+.Ar speed
+appended.
+e.g.\&
+.Ic tip -1200
+will set
+.Ar system-name
+to
+.Dq tip1200 .
+.Pp
+The optional
+.Dq dir
+argument is for Taylor implementation compatibility, indicating a
+direct connection.
+(This is how
+.Nm cu
+behaves by default, regardless.)
+.Pp
+Typed characters are normally transmitted directly to the remote
+machine (which does the echoing as well).
+A tilde (`~') appearing
+as the first character of a line is an escape signal; the following
+are recognized:
+.Bl -tag -width flag
+.It Ic \&~^D No or Ic \&~ .
+Drop the connection and exit
+(you may still be logged in on the
+remote machine).
+.It Ic \&~c Op Ar name
+Change directory to
+.Ar name
+(no argument
+implies change to your home directory).
+.It Ic \&~!
+Escape to a shell (exiting the shell will
+return you to tip).
+.It Ic \&~>
+Copy file from local to remote.
+.Nm
+prompts for the name of a local file to transmit.
+.It Ic \&~<
+Copy file from remote to local.
+.Nm
+prompts first for the name of the file to be sent, then for
+a command to be executed on the remote machine.
+.It Ic \&~p Ar from Op Ar to
+Send a file to a remote
+.Ux
+host.
+The put command causes the remote
+.Ux
+system to run the command string ``cat > 'to''', while
+.Nm
+sends it the ``from''
+file.
+If the ``to'' file isn't specified the ``from'' file name is used.
+This command is actually a
+.Ux
+specific version of the ``~>'' command.
+.It Ic \&~t Ar from Op Ar to
+Take a file from a remote
+.Ux
+host.
+As in the put command the ``to'' file
+defaults to the ``from'' file name if it isn't specified.
+The remote host
+executes the command string ``cat 'from';echo ^A'' to send the file to
+.Nm .
+.It Ic \&~|
+Pipe the output from a remote command to a local
+.Ux
+process.
+The command string sent to the local
+.Ux
+system is processed by the shell.
+.It Ic \&~$
+Pipe the output from a local
+.Ux
+process to the remote host.
+The command string sent to the local
+.Ux
+system is processed by the shell.
+.It Ic \&~C
+Fork a child process on the local system to perform special protocols
+such as
+.Tn XMODEM .
+The child program will be run with the following
+arrangement of file descriptors:
+.Bl -column -offset indent 0 "<->" "remote tty in"
+.It 0 Ta <-> Ta remote tty in
+.It 1 Ta <-> Ta remote tty out
+.It 2 Ta <-> Ta local tty out
+.El
+.It Ic \&~+
+Synonym for \&~C, provided for compatibility with other versions of
+.Nm cu .
+.It Ic \&~#
+Send a
+.Dv BREAK
+to the remote system.
+For systems which don't support the
+necessary
+.Ar ioctl
+call the break is simulated by a sequence of line speed changes
+and
+.Dv DEL
+characters.
+.It Ic \&~s
+Set a variable (see the discussion below).
+.It Ic \&~^Z
+Stop
+.Nm
+(only available with job control).
+.It Ic \&~^Y
+Stop only the ``local side'' of
+.Nm
+(only available with job control);
+the ``remote side'' of
+.Nm ,
+the side that displays output from the remote host, is left running.
+.It Ic \&~?
+Get a summary of the tilde escapes
+.El
+.Pp
+.Nm
+uses the file
+.Pa /etc/remote
+to find how to reach a particular
+system and to find out how it should operate while talking
+to the system;
+refer to
+.Xr remote 5
+for a full description.
+Each system has a default baud rate with which to
+establish a connection.
+If this value is not suitable, the baud rate
+to be used may be specified on the command line, e.g.
+.Ql "tip -300 mds" .
+.Pp
+When
+.Nm
+establishes a connection it sends out a
+connection message to the remote system; the default value, if any,
+is defined in
+.Pa /etc/remote
+(see
+.Xr remote 5 ) .
+.Pp
+When
+.Nm
+prompts for an argument (e.g. during setup of
+a file transfer) the line typed may be edited with the standard
+erase and kill characters.
+A null line in response to a prompt,
+or an interrupt, will abort the dialogue and return you to the
+remote machine.
+.Pp
+.Nm
+guards against multiple users connecting to a remote system
+by opening modems and terminal lines with exclusive access,
+and by honoring the locking protocol used by
+.Xr uucico 8 .
+.Pp
+During file transfers
+.Nm
+provides a running count of the number of lines transferred.
+When using the ~> and ~< commands, the ``eofread'' and ``eofwrite''
+variables are used to recognize end-of-file when reading, and
+specify end-of-file when writing (see below).
+File transfers normally depend on tandem mode for flow control.
+If the remote
+system does not support tandem mode, ``echocheck'' may be set
+to indicate
+.Nm
+should synchronize with the remote system on the echo of each
+transmitted character.
+.Pp
+When
+.Nm
+must dial a phone number to connect to a system it will print
+various messages indicating its actions.
+.Nm
+supports the
+.Tn DEC DN Ns -11
+and
+Racal-Vadic 831 auto-call-units;
+the
+.Tn DEC DF Ns \&02
+and
+.Tn DF Ns \&03 ,
+Ventel 212+, Racal-Vadic 3451, and
+Bizcomp 1031 and 1032 integral call unit/modems.
+.Ss VARIABLES
+.Nm
+maintains a set of
+.Ar variables
+which control its operation.
+Some of these variables are read-only to normal users (root is allowed
+to change anything of interest).
+Variables may be displayed
+and set through the ``s'' escape.
+The syntax for variables is patterned
+after
+.Xr vi 1
+and
+.Xr mail 1 .
+Supplying ``all''
+as an argument to the set command displays all variables readable by
+the user.
+Alternatively, the user may request display of a particular
+variable by attaching a `?' to the end.
+For example ``escape?'' displays
+the current escape character.
+.Pp
+Variables are numeric, string, character, or boolean values.
+Boolean
+variables are set merely by specifying their name; they may be reset
+by prepending a `!' to the name.
+Other variable types are set by
+concatenating an `=' and the value.
+The entire assignment must not
+have any blanks in it.
+A single set command may be used to interrogate
+as well as set a number of variables.
+Variables may be initialized at run time by placing set commands
+(without the ``~s'' prefix in a file
+.Pa .tiprc
+in one's home directory).
+The
+.Fl v
+option causes
+.Nm
+to display the sets as they are made.
+Certain common variables have abbreviations.
+The following is a list of common variables,
+their abbreviations, and their default values.
+.Bl -tag -width Ar
+.It Ar beautify
+(bool) Discard unprintable characters when a session is being scripted;
+abbreviated
+.Ar be  .
+.It Ar baudrate
+(num) The baud rate at which the connection was established;
+abbreviated
+.Ar ba  .
+.It Ar dialtimeout
+(num) When dialing a phone number, the time (in seconds)
+to wait for a connection to be established; abbreviated
+.Ar dial  .
+.It Ar echocheck
+(bool) Synchronize with the remote host during file transfer by
+waiting for the echo of the last character transmitted; default is
+.Ar off  .
+.It Ar eofread
+(str) The set of characters which signify an end-of-transmission
+during a ~< file transfer command; abbreviated
+.Ar eofr  .
+.It Ar eofwrite
+(str) The string sent to indicate end-of-transmission during
+a ~> file transfer command; abbreviated
+.Ar eofw  .
+.It Ar eol
+(str) The set of characters which indicate an end-of-line.
+.Nm
+will recognize escape characters only after an end-of-line.
+.It Ar escape
+(char) The command prefix (escape) character; abbreviated
+.Ar es  ;
+default value is `~'.
+.It Ar exceptions
+(str) The set of characters which should not be discarded
+due to the beautification switch; abbreviated
+.Ar ex  ;
+default value is ``\et\en\ef\eb''.
+.It Ar force
+(char) The character used to force literal data transmission;
+abbreviated
+.Ar fo  ;
+default value is `^P'.
+.It Ar framesize
+(num) The amount of data (in bytes) to buffer between file system
+writes when receiving files; abbreviated
+.Ar fr  .
+.It Ar host
+(str) The name of the host to which you are connected; abbreviated
+.Ar ho  .
+.It Ar prompt
+(char) The character which indicates an end-of-line on the remote
+host; abbreviated
+.Ar pr  ;
+default value is `\en'.
+This value is used to synchronize during
+data transfers.
+The count of lines transferred during a file transfer
+command is based on receipt of this character.
+.It Ar raise
+(bool) Upper case mapping mode; abbreviated
+.Ar ra  ;
+default value is
+.Ar off  .
+When this mode is enabled, all lower case letters will be mapped to
+upper case by
+.Nm
+for transmission to the remote machine.
+.It Ar raisechar
+(char) The input character used to toggle upper case mapping mode;
+abbreviated
+.Ar rc  ;
+default value is `^A'.
+.It Ar record
+(str) The name of the file in which a session script is recorded;
+abbreviated
+.Ar rec  ;
+default value is ``tip.record''.
+.It Ar script
+(bool) Session scripting mode; abbreviated
+.Ar sc  ;
+default is
+.Ar off  .
+When
+.Ar script
+is
+.Li true  ,
+.Nm
+will record everything transmitted by the remote machine in
+the script record file specified in
+.Ar record  .
+If the
+.Ar beautify
+switch is on, only printable
+.Tn ASCII
+characters will be included in
+the script file (those characters between 040 and 0177).
+The
+variable
+.Ar exceptions
+is used to indicate characters which are an exception to the normal
+beautification rules.
+.It Ar tabexpand
+(bool) Expand tabs to spaces during file transfers; abbreviated
+.Ar tab  ;
+default value is
+.Ar false .
+Each tab is expanded to 8 spaces.
+.It Ar tandem
+(bool) Use XON/XOFF flow control to throttle data from the remote host;
+abbreviated
+.Ar ta .
+The default value is
+.Ar true
+unless the
+.Ar nt
+capability has been specified in
+.Pa /etc/remote ,
+in which case the default value is
+.Ar false .
+.It Ar verbose
+(bool) Verbose mode; abbreviated
+.Ar verb  ;
+default is
+.Ar true  .
+When verbose mode is enabled,
+.Nm
+prints messages while dialing, shows the current number
+of lines transferred during a file transfer operations,
+and more.
+.El
+.Sh ENVIRONMENT
+.Nm
+uses the following environment variables:
+.Bl -tag -width Fl
+.It Ev SHELL
+(str) The name of the shell to use for the ~! command; default
+value is ``/bin/sh'', or taken from the environment.
+.It Ev HOME
+(str) The home directory to use for the ~c command; default
+value is taken from the environment.
+.It Ev HOST
+Check for a default host if none specified.
+.El
+.Pp
+The variables
+.Ev ${REMOTE}
+and
+.Ev ${PHONES}
+are also exported.
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width /var/spool/lock/LCK..* -compact
+.It Pa /etc/remote
+Global system descriptions.
+.It Pa /etc/phones
+Global phone number data base.
+.It ${REMOTE}
+Private system descriptions.
+.It ${PHONES}
+Private phone numbers.
+.It ~/.tiprc
+Initialization file.
+.It Pa tip.record
+Record file.
+.El
+.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
+Diagnostics are, hopefully, self explanatory.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr phones 5 ,
+.Xr remote 5
+.Sh HISTORY
+The
+.Nm
+command appeared in
+.Bx 4.2 .
+The
+.Nm cu
+.Pq Dq Call Unix
+command first appeared outside of Bell Labs in PWB/UNIX 1.0.
+.Bx
+reimplemented it as part of the
+.Nm
+command.
+.Sh BUGS
+The full set of variables is undocumented and should, probably, be
+pared down.