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+.\"	$NetBSD: printf.1,v 1.41 2024/11/24 12:33:31 kre Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	from: @(#)printf.1	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
+.\"
+.Dd November 24, 2024
+.Dt PRINTF 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm printf
+.Nd formatted output
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl L
+.Ar format
+.Op Ar argument ...
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+formats and prints its
+.Ar argument Ns s ,
+under control of the
+.Ar format .
+The
+.Ar format
+is a character string which contains three types of objects:
+plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output,
+character escape sequences which are converted and copied to the
+standard output,
+and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
+successive
+.Ar argument .
+Each
+.Ar argument
+is used only once.
+.Pp
+If the first character of
+.Ar format
+is a dash
+.Pq Sq Fl ,
+.Ar format
+must (and always may) be preceded by a word consisting of
+two dashes
+.Pq Sq Fl Fl
+to prevent it
+from being interpreted as an option string.
+See
+.Xr getopt 3 .
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl L
+option causes all floating point values resulting from format
+conversions to be printed using
+.Vt long double
+formats, rather than the default
+.Vt double .
+.Pp
+The
+.Ar argument Ns s
+after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is
+either
+.Cm b ,
+.Cm B ,
+.Cm c ,
+or
+.Cm s ;
+otherwise each is evaluated as a C\~constant, with the following extensions:
+.Bl -bullet -offset indent
+.It
+A leading plus or minus sign is allowed.
+.It
+If the leading character is a single or double quote,
+as part of the
+.Ar argument
+rather than just quoting it for the shell,
+the value is the code of the character following that quote character.
+No further characters are permitted.
+.El
+.Pp
+The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the
+.Ar arguments  .
+Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null
+string.
+.Pp
+Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in
+.St -ansiC .
+The characters and their meanings are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -offset indent -width Cm
+.It Cm \ea
+Write a
+.Aq bell
+character.
+.It Cm \eb
+Write a
+.Aq backspace
+character.
+.It Cm \ee
+Write an
+.Aq escape
+character.
+.It Cm \ef
+Write a
+.Aq form-feed
+character.
+.It Cm \en
+Write a
+.Aq new-line
+character.
+.It Cm \er
+Write a
+.Aq carriage return
+character.
+.It Cm \et
+Write a
+.Aq tab
+character.
+.It Cm \ev
+Write a
+.Aq vertical tab
+character.
+.It Cm \e\(aq
+Write a
+.Aq single quote
+character.
+.It Cm \e\*q
+Write a
+.Aq double quote
+character.
+.It Cm \e\e
+Write a backslash character.
+.It Cm \e Ns Ar num
+Write an 8-bit character whose ASCII
+value is the 1-, 2-, or 3-digit octal number
+.Ar num .
+.It Cm \ex Ns Ar XX
+Write an 8-bit character whose ASCII
+value is the 1- or 2-digit hexadecimal number
+.Ar XX .
+.El
+.Pp
+Each format specification is introduced by the percent character
+.Pq Ql \&% .
+To produce a literal percent
+.Pq Ql \&%
+in the output, write the percent character twice:
+.Pq Ql \&%% .
+This is not a format conversion,
+but a special escape sequence,
+and consumes no
+.Ar argument Ns s .
+The remainder of the format specification includes,
+in the following order:
+.Bl -tag -width 5n
+.It Zero or more of the following unordered flags :
+.Bl -tag -width Cm
+.It Cm #
+A
+.Ql \&#
+character specifying that the value should be printed in an
+.Dq alternative form .
+For
+.Cm b ,
+.Cm c ,
+.Cm C ,
+.Cm d ,
+and
+.Cm s
+formats, this option has no effect.
+For the
+.Cm o
+format the precision of the number is increased to cause the first
+character of the numeric output string to be a zero.
+For the
+.Cm x
+.Pq Cm X
+format, a non-zero result has the string
+.Ql 0x
+.Pq Ql 0X
+prepended to it.
+For
+.Cm e ,
+.Cm E ,
+.Cm f ,
+.Cm F ,
+.Cm g ,
+and
+.Cm G
+formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
+digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only appears in the
+results of those formats if a digit follows the decimal point).
+For
+.Cm g
+and
+.Cm G
+formats, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
+would otherwise be.
+.\" I turned this off - decided it isn't a valid use of '#'
+.\" For the
+.\" .Cm B
+.\" format, backslash-escape sequences are expanded first;
+.It Cm \&\-
+A minus sign which specifies
+.Em left adjustment
+of the output in the indicated field;
+.It Cm \&+
+A plus sign which specifies that there should always be
+a sign
+.Po Sq Cm \&+
+or
+.Sq Cm \&\-
+.Pc
+placed before the number when using signed formats;
+.It Sq Cm \&\ \&
+A
+.Aq space
+character which specifies that a space should be left in the
+position a minus sign would otherwise appear, before
+a non-negative number for a signed format.
+A
+.Ql Cm \&+
+overrides a
+.Aq space
+if both are used;
+.It Cm \&0
+A digit zero character which specifies that zero-padding should be used
+rather than space-padding to the left of right adjusted fields.
+In this case, a sign
+.Po Sq Cm \&+ ,
+.Sq Cm \&\-
+or
+.Sq Cm \&\ \&
+.Pc ,
+if included, precedes the padding.
+Padding to the right of left adjusted fields always uses spaces.
+A
+.Ql \-
+overrides a
+.Ql \&0
+if both are used;
+.El
+.Pp
+Specifying a flag more than once is not an error, but has no additional effect.
+.It Field Width :
+An optional digit string specifying a
+.Em field width ;
+if the output string has fewer bytes than the field width it will
+be padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indicator
+has been given) to make up the field width
+(note that a leading zero is a flag,
+but a zero appearing after another digit is part of a field width);
+.It Precision :
+An optional period
+.Pq Ql \&. ,
+followed by an optional digit string giving a
+.Em precision
+which specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal point,
+for
+.Cm e
+and
+.Cm f
+formats, or the maximum number of bytes to be printed
+from a string
+.Sm off
+.Pf ( Cm b ,
+.Sm on
+.Cm B ,
+and
+.Cm s
+formats); if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated
+as zero;
+.It Format :
+A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of
+.Cm diouxXfFeEgGaAbBcCs ) .
+.El
+.Pp
+A field width or precision may be
+.Sq Cm \&*
+instead of a digit string.
+In this case the next
+.Ar argument ,
+preceding the value to be converted,
+supplies the field width or precision.
+It must be an unsigned integer constant.
+If both the field width and precision are
+.Sq Cm \&*
+then two
+.Ar argument Ns s
+are required, with the field width preceding the precision,
+and the value to be converted following those.
+.Pp
+The format characters and their meanings are:
+.Bl -tag -width Fl
+.It Cm diouXx
+The
+.Ar argument ,
+which must represent an integer constant,
+with an optional leading plus or minus sign,
+is printed as a signed decimal
+.Cm ( d
+or
+.Cm i ) ,
+unsigned octal
+.Cm ( o ) ,
+unsigned decimal
+.Cm ( u ) ,
+or unsigned hexadecimal
+.Cm ( X
+or
+.Cm x ) .
+.It Cm fF
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in the style
+.Oo Li \&\- Oc Ns Ar \&\^ddd Ns Li \&\^\&. Ns Ar ddd
+where the number of
+.Ar d Ns \|'s
+after the decimal point is equal to the precision specification for
+the argument.
+If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision
+is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed.
+If the number is Infinity, or Not-a-Number, then
+.Ql inf
+or
+.Ql nan
+is printed for
+.Cm f
+format, and
+.Ql INF
+or
+.Ql NAN
+for
+.Cm F
+format.
+.It Cm eE
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in the style
+.Oo Li \&\- Oc Ns Ar \&\^d Ns Li \&. Ns Ar ddd Ns Li \&\|e\*(Pm Ns Ar \&\|dd
+where there
+is one digit before the decimal point and the number after is equal to
+the precision specification for the argument; when the precision is
+missing, 6 digits are produced.
+An upper-case
+.Ql E
+is used for an
+.Cm E
+format, and upper-case for Infinity and NaN as for
+.Cm F
+format.
+.It Cm gG
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in style
+.Cm f
+.Pq Cm F
+or in style
+.Cm e
+.Pq Cm E
+whichever gives full precision in minimum space.
+.It Cm aA
+The
+.Ar argument
+is treated as a floating point number,
+for which the underlying hexadecimal representation is
+printed.
+See
+.Xr printf 3
+for the details.
+.It Cm b
+Characters from the string
+.Ar argument
+are printed with backslash-escape sequences expanded.
+.Pp
+The following additional backslash-escape sequences are supported:
+.Bl -tag -width Cm
+.It Cm \ec
+Causes
+.Nm
+to ignore any remaining characters in the string operand containing it,
+any remaining operands, and any additional characters in
+the format operand.
+.It Cm \e0 Ns Ar num
+Write an 8-bit character whose ASCII value is the 1-, 2-, or
+3-digit octal number
+.Ar num .
+.It Cm \e^ Ns Ar c
+Write the control character
+.Ar c .
+Generates characters
+.Sq \e000
+through
+.Sq \e037 ,
+and
+.Sq \e177
+(from
+.Ql \e^\&? ) .
+.It Cm \eM^ Ns Ar c
+Write the control character
+.Ar c
+with the 8th bit set.
+Generates characters
+.Sq \e200
+through
+.Sq \e237 ,
+and
+.Sq \e377
+(from
+.Ql \eM^\&? ) .
+.It Cm \eM\- Ns Ar c
+Write the character
+.Ar c
+with the 8th bit set.
+Generates characters
+.Sq \e240
+through
+.Sq \e376 .
+.El
+.It Cm B
+Characters from the string
+.Ar argument
+are printed with unprintable characters backslash-escaped using the
+.Sq Cm \e Ns Ar c ,
+.Sq Cm \e^ Ns Ar c ,
+.Sq Cm \eM^ Ns Ar c ,
+or
+.Sq Cm \eM\- Ns Ar c
+formats described above.
+.It Cm c
+The first character of the next
+.Ar argument
+is printed.
+.It Cm C
+The
+.Ar argument ,
+which must represent an integer constant,
+with an optional leading plus or minus sign,
+is treated as a wide character code point, and printed.
+.It Cm s
+Characters from the string
+.Ar argument
+are printed until the end is reached or until the number of bytes
+indicated by the precision specification is reached; if the
+precision is omitted, all characters in the string are printed.
+.El
+.Pp
+In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
+a field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds
+the actual width.
+.Pp
+If an argument required by a format string is present, but is not in
+a format expected by the format string conversion, a warning will be
+printed to standard error, identifying the argument by number
+.Pq 1 is the first after the format string
+and usually also by content.
+In such a case a value will still be produced, and printed,
+and processing will continue, but
+.Nm
+will eventually exit with a failure status.
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+.Ex -std
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr echo 1 ,
+.Xr printf 3 ,
+.Xr vis 3 ,
+.Xr printf 9
+.Sh STANDARDS
+The
+.Nm
+utility conforms to
+.St -p1003.1-2001 .
+.Pp
+Support for the floating point formats and
+.Sq Cm \&*
+as a field width and precision
+are optional in POSIX.
+.Pp
+The behaviour of the
+.Cm \&%B
+and
+.Cm \&%C
+formats and the
+.Cm \e\(aq ,
+.Cm \e\*q ,
+.Cm \ee ,
+.Cm \ex Ns Ar XX ,
+and
+.Cm \e Ns Oo Cm M Oc Ns Oo Cm \- Ns Li \&\(or Ns Cm ^ Oc Ns Ar c
+escape sequences are undefined in POSIX.
+.Sh BUGS
+Since the floating point numbers are translated from ASCII to
+floating-point and then back again, floating-point precision may be lost.
+.Pp
+Hexadecimal character constants given as escapes in strings are
+restricted to, and should be specified as, two hexadecimal characters.
+This is contrary to the ISO C standard but
+does guarantee detection of the end of the constant.
+.Sh NOTES
+All formats which treat the
+.Ar argument
+as a number first convert the
+.Ar argument
+from its external representation as a character string
+to an internal numeric representation, and then apply the
+format to the internal numeric representation, producing
+another external character string representation.
+One might expect the
+.Cm \&%c
+format to do likewise, but in fact it does not.
+.Pp
+To convert a string representation of a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal
+number into the corresponding character,
+using a portable invocation,
+two nested
+.Nm
+invocations may be used, in which the inner invocation
+converts the input to an octal string, and the outer
+invocation uses the octal string as part of a format.
+For example, the following command outputs the character whose code
+is 0x0a, which is a newline in ASCII:
+.Pp
+.Dl printf \*q$(printf \(aq\e\e%o\(aq 0x0a)\*q
+.Pp
+In this implementation of
+.Nm
+it is possible to achieve the same result using one invocation:
+.Pp
+.Dl printf %C 0x0a