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-<table class="head">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="head-ltitle">UMA(9)</td>
-    <td class="head-vol">Kernel Developer's Manual</td>
-    <td class="head-rtitle">UMA(9)</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<div class="manual-text">
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">UMA</code> &#x2014;
-    <span class="Nd">general-purpose kernel object allocator</span></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="permalink" href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="In">#include
-    &lt;<a class="In">sys/param.h</a>&gt;</code>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="In">#include &lt;<a class="In">sys/queue.h</a>&gt;</code>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="In">#include &lt;<a class="In">vm/uma.h</a>&gt;</code></p>
-<div class="Bd Pp Li">
-<pre>typedef int (*uma_ctor)(void *mem, int size, void *arg, int flags);
-typedef void (*uma_dtor)(void *mem, int size, void *arg);
-typedef int (*uma_init)(void *mem, int size, int flags);
-typedef void (*uma_fini)(void *mem, int size);
-typedef int (*uma_import)(void *arg, void **store, int count, int domain,
-    int flags);
-typedef void (*uma_release)(void *arg, void **store, int count);
-typedef void *(*uma_alloc)(uma_zone_t zone, vm_size_t size, int domain,
-    uint8_t *pflag, int wait);
-typedef void (*uma_free)(void *item, vm_size_t size, uint8_t pflag);
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<br/>
-<var class="Ft">uma_zone_t</var>
-<br/>
-<code class="Fn">uma_zcreate</code>(<var class="Fa">char *name</var>,
-  <var class="Fa">size_t size</var>, <var class="Fa">uma_ctor ctor</var>,
-  <var class="Fa">uma_dtor dtor</var>, <var class="Fa">uma_init zinit</var>,
-  <var class="Fa">uma_fini zfini</var>, <var class="Fa">int align</var>,
-  <var class="Fa">uint16_t flags</var>);
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">uma_zone_t</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zcache_create</code>(<var class="Fa">char *name</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">int size</var>, <var class="Fa">uma_ctor ctor</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">uma_dtor dtor</var>, <var class="Fa">uma_init zinit</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">uma_fini zfini</var>, <var class="Fa">uma_import
-    zimport</var>, <var class="Fa">uma_release zrelease</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">void *arg</var>, <var class="Fa">int flags</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">uma_zone_t</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zsecond_create</code>(<var class="Fa">char *name</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">uma_ctor ctor</var>, <var class="Fa">uma_dtor dtor</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">uma_init zinit</var>, <var class="Fa">uma_fini zfini</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">uma_zone_t master</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zdestroy</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void *</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zalloc</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int
-  flags</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void *</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zalloc_arg</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">void *arg</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int flags</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void *</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zalloc_domain</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">void *arg</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int domain</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int flags</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void *</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zalloc_pcpu</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int
-  flags</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void *</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zalloc_pcpu_arg</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">void *arg</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int flags</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void *</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zalloc_smr</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int
-  flags</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zfree</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">void
-  *item</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zfree_arg</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">void *item</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">void *arg</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zfree_pcpu</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">void
-  *item</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zfree_pcpu_arg</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">void *item</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">void *arg</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zfree_smr</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">void
-  *item</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_prealloc</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int
-  nitems</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_reserve</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int
-  nitems</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_reserve_kva</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int
-  nitems</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_reclaim</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int
-    req</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_reclaim_domain</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int
-    req</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int
-  domain</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_reclaim</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int req</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_reclaim_domain</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int req</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int domain</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_allocf</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_alloc
-    allocf</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_freef</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_free
-    freef</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">int</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_max</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int
-  nitems</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_maxcache</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">int
-  nitems</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">int</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_get_max</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">int</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_get_cur</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_warning</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">const char
-    *warning</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_maxaction</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">void
-    (*maxaction)(uma_zone_t)</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">smr_t</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_get_smr</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><var class="Ft">void</var>
-  <br/>
-  <code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_smr</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">uma_zone_t
-    zone</var>, <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">smr_t
-  smr</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="In">#include
-    &lt;<a class="In">sys/sysctl.h</a>&gt;</code></p>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Fn">SYSCTL_UMA_MAX</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">parent</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">nbr</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">name</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">access</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">zone</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">descr</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Fn">SYSCTL_ADD_UMA_MAX</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">ctx</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">parent</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">nbr</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">name</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">access</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">zone</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">descr</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Fn">SYSCTL_UMA_CUR</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">parent</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">nbr</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">name</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">access</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">zone</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">descr</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Fn">SYSCTL_ADD_UMA_CUR</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">ctx</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">parent</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">nbr</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">name</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">access</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">zone</var>,
-    <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">descr</var>);</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">UMA (Universal Memory Allocator) provides an efficient interface
-    for managing dynamically-sized collections of items of identical size,
-    referred to as zones. Zones keep track of which items are in use and which
-    are not, and UMA provides functions for allocating items from a zone and for
-    releasing them back, making them available for subsequent allocation
-    requests. Zones maintain per-CPU caches with linear scalability on SMP
-    systems as well as round-robin and first-touch policies for NUMA systems.
-    The number of items cached per CPU is bounded, and each zone additionally
-    maintains an unbounded cache of items that is used to quickly satisfy
-    per-CPU cache allocation misses.</p>
-<p class="Pp">Two types of zones exist: regular zones and cache zones. In a
-    regular zone, items are allocated from a slab, which is one or more
-    virtually contiguous memory pages that have been allocated from the kernel's
-    page allocator. Internally, slabs are managed by a UMA keg, which is
-    responsible for allocating slabs and keeping track of their usage by one or
-    more zones. In typical usage, there is one keg per zone, so slabs are not
-    shared among multiple zones.</p>
-<p class="Pp">Normal zones import items from a keg, and release items back to
-    that keg if requested. Cache zones do not have a keg, and instead use custom
-    import and release methods. For example, some collections of kernel objects
-    are statically allocated at boot-time, and the size of the collection does
-    not change. A cache zone can be used to implement an efficient allocator for
-    the objects in such a collection.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zcreate">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zcreate"><code class="Fn">uma_zcreate</code></a>()
-    and <code class="Fn">uma_zcache_create</code>() functions create a new
-    regular zone and cache zone, respectively. The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zsecond_create"><code class="Fn" id="uma_zsecond_create">uma_zsecond_create</code></a>()
-    function creates a regular zone which shares the keg of the zone specified
-    by the <var class="Fa">master</var> argument. The <var class="Fa">name</var>
-    argument is a text name of the zone for debugging and stats; this memory
-    should not be freed until the zone has been deallocated.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zalloc">The <var class="Fa">ctor</var> and
-    <var class="Fa">dtor</var> arguments are callback functions that are called
-    by the UMA subsystem at the time of the call to
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zalloc"><code class="Fn">uma_zalloc</code></a>()
-    and <code class="Fn">uma_zfree</code>() respectively. Their purpose is to
-    provide hooks for initializing or destroying things that need to be done at
-    the time of the allocation or release of a resource. A good usage for the
-    <var class="Fa">ctor</var> and <var class="Fa">dtor</var> callbacks might be
-    to initialize a data structure embedded in the item, such as a
-    <a class="Xr">queue(3)</a> head.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zalloc~2">The <var class="Fa">zinit</var> and
-    <var class="Fa">zfini</var> arguments are used to optimize the allocation of
-    items from the zone. They are called by the UMA subsystem whenever it needs
-    to allocate or free items to satisfy requests or memory pressure. A good use
-    for the <var class="Fa">zinit</var> and <var class="Fa">zfini</var>
-    callbacks might be to initialize and destroy a mutex contained within an
-    item. This would allow one to avoid destroying and re-initializing the mutex
-    each time the item is freed and re-allocated. They are not called on each
-    call to
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zalloc~2"><code class="Fn">uma_zalloc</code></a>()
-    and <code class="Fn">uma_zfree</code>() but rather when an item is imported
-    into a zone's cache, and when a zone releases an item to the slab allocator,
-    typically as a response to memory pressure.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zcache_create">For
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zcache_create"><code class="Fn">uma_zcache_create</code></a>(),
-    the <var class="Fa">zimport</var> and <var class="Fa">zrelease</var>
-    functions are called to import items into the zone and to release items from
-    the zone, respectively. The <var class="Fa">zimport</var> function should
-    store pointers to items in the <var class="Fa">store</var> array, which
-    contains a maximum of <var class="Fa">count</var> entries. The function must
-    return the number of imported items, which may be less than the maximum.
-    Similarly, the <var class="Fa">store</var> parameter to the
-    <var class="Fa">zrelease</var> function contains an array of
-    <var class="Fa">count</var> pointers to items. The <var class="Fa">arg</var>
-    parameter passed to <code class="Fn">uma_zcache_create</code>() is provided
-    to the import and release functions. The <var class="Fa">domain</var>
-    parameter to <var class="Fa">zimport</var> specifies the requested
-    <a class="Xr">numa(4)</a> domain for the allocation. It is either a NUMA
-    domain number or the special value
-  <code class="Dv">UMA_ANYDOMAIN</code>.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zcreate~2">The <var class="Fa">flags</var> argument of
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zcreate~2"><code class="Fn">uma_zcreate</code></a>()
-    and <code class="Fn">uma_zcache_create</code>() is a subset of the following
-    flags:</p>
-<dl class="Bl-tag">
-  <dt id="UMA_ZONE_NOFREE"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_ZONE_NOFREE"><code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_NOFREE</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>Slabs allocated to the zone's keg are never freed.</dd>
-  <dt id="UMA_ZONE_NODUMP"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_ZONE_NODUMP"><code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_NODUMP</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>Pages belonging to the zone will not be included in minidumps.</dd>
-  <dt id="UMA_ZONE_PCPU"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_ZONE_PCPU"><code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_PCPU</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>An allocation from zone would have <var class="Va">mp_ncpu</var> shadow
-      copies, that are privately assigned to CPUs. A CPU can address its private
-      copy using base the allocation address plus a multiple of the current CPU
-      ID and
-      <a class="permalink" href="#sizeof"><code class="Fn" id="sizeof">sizeof</code></a>(<var class="Fa">struct
-      pcpu</var>):
-    <div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
-    <pre>foo_zone = uma_zcreate(..., UMA_ZONE_PCPU);
- ...
-foo_base = uma_zalloc(foo_zone, ...);
- ...
-critical_enter();
-foo_pcpu = (foo_t *)zpcpu_get(foo_base);
-/* do something with foo_pcpu */
-critical_exit();
-
-    </pre>
-    </div>
-    Note that <code class="Dv">M_ZERO</code> cannot be used when allocating
-      items from a PCPU zone. To obtain zeroed memory from a PCPU zone, use the
-      <code class="Fn">uma_zalloc_pcpu</code>() function and its variants
-      instead, and pass <code class="Dv">M_ZERO</code>.</dd>
-  <dt id="UMA_ZONE_NOTOUCH"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_ZONE_NOTOUCH"><code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_NOTOUCH</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>The UMA subsystem may not directly touch (i.e. read or write) the slab
-      memory. Otherwise, by default, book-keeping of items within a slab may be
-      done in the slab page itself, and <code class="Dv">INVARIANTS</code>
-      kernels may also do use-after-free checking by accessing the slab
-    memory.</dd>
-  <dt id="UMA_ZONE_ZINIT"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_ZONE_ZINIT"><code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_ZINIT</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>The zone will have its <var class="Ft">uma_init</var> method set to
-      internal method that initializes a new allocated slab to all zeros. Do not
-      mistake <var class="Ft">uma_init</var> method with
-      <var class="Ft">uma_ctor</var>. A zone with
-      <code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_ZINIT</code> flag would not return zeroed memory
-      on every <code class="Fn">uma_zalloc</code>().</dd>
-  <dt id="UMA_ZONE_NOTPAGE"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_ZONE_NOTPAGE"><code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_NOTPAGE</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>An allocator function will be supplied with
-      <code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_allocf</code>() and the memory that it
-      returns may not be kernel virtual memory backed by VM pages in the page
-      array.</dd>
-  <dt id="UMA_ZONE_MALLOC"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_ZONE_MALLOC"><code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_MALLOC</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>The zone is for the <a class="Xr">malloc(9)</a> subsystem.</dd>
-  <dt id="UMA_ZONE_VM"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_ZONE_VM"><code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_VM</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>The zone is for the VM subsystem.</dd>
-  <dt id="UMA_ZONE_CONTIG"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_ZONE_CONTIG"><code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_CONTIG</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>Items in this zone must be contiguous in physical address space. Items
-      will follow normal alignment constraints and may span page boundaries
-      between pages with contiguous physical addresses.</dd>
-  <dt id="UMA_ZONE_UNMANAGED"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_ZONE_UNMANAGED"><code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_UNMANAGED</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>By default, UMA zone caches are shrunk to help resolve free page
-      shortages. Cached items that have not been used for a long period may also
-      be freed from zone. When this flag is set, the system will not reclaim
-      memory from the zone's caches.</dd>
-  <dt id="UMA_ZONE_SMR"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_ZONE_SMR"><code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_SMR</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>Create a zone whose items will be synchronized using the
-      <a class="Xr">smr(9)</a> mechanism. Upon creation the zone will have an
-      associated <var class="Ft">smr_t</var> structure which can be fetched
-      using
-      <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_get_smr"><code class="Fn" id="uma_zone_get_smr">uma_zone_get_smr</code></a>().</dd>
-</dl>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zdestroy">Zones can be destroyed using
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zdestroy"><code class="Fn">uma_zdestroy</code></a>(),
-    freeing all memory that is cached in the zone. All items allocated from the
-    zone must be freed to the zone before the zone may be safely destroyed.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zalloc~3">To allocate an item from a zone, simply call
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zalloc~3"><code class="Fn">uma_zalloc</code></a>()
-    with a pointer to that zone and set the <var class="Fa">flags</var> argument
-    to selected flags as documented in <a class="Xr">malloc(9)</a>. It will
-    return a pointer to an item if successful, or <code class="Dv">NULL</code>
-    in the rare case where all items in the zone are in use and the allocator is
-    unable to grow the zone and <code class="Dv">M_NOWAIT</code> is
-  specified.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zfree">Items are released back to the zone from which they
-    were allocated by calling
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zfree"><code class="Fn">uma_zfree</code></a>()
-    with a pointer to the zone and a pointer to the item. If
-    <var class="Fa">item</var> is <code class="Dv">NULL</code>, then
-    <code class="Fn">uma_zfree</code>() does nothing.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zalloc_arg">The variants
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zalloc_arg"><code class="Fn">uma_zalloc_arg</code></a>()
-    and
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zfree_arg"><code class="Fn" id="uma_zfree_arg">uma_zfree_arg</code></a>()
-    allow callers to specify an argument for the <code class="Dv">ctor</code>
-    and <code class="Dv">dtor</code> functions of the zone, respectively. The
-    variants
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zalloc_pcpu"><code class="Fn" id="uma_zalloc_pcpu">uma_zalloc_pcpu</code></a>()
-    and
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zfree_pcpu"><code class="Fn" id="uma_zfree_pcpu">uma_zfree_pcpu</code></a>()
-    allocate and free <var class="Va">mp_ncpu</var> shadow copies as described
-    for <code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_PCPU</code>. If <var class="Fa">item</var> is
-    <code class="Dv">NULL</code>, then <code class="Fn">uma_zfree_pcpu</code>()
-    does nothing.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zalloc_smr">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zalloc_smr"><code class="Fn">uma_zalloc_smr</code></a>()
-    and
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zfree_smr"><code class="Fn" id="uma_zfree_smr">uma_zfree_smr</code></a>()
-    functions allocate and free items from an SMR-enabled zone, that is, a zone
-    created with <code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_SMR</code> or a zone that has had
-    <code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_smr</code>() called.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zalloc_domain">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zalloc_domain"><code class="Fn">uma_zalloc_domain</code></a>()
-    function allows callers to specify a fixed <a class="Xr">numa(4)</a> domain
-    to allocate from. This uses a guaranteed but slow path in the allocator
-    which reduces concurrency.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_prealloc">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_prealloc"><code class="Fn">uma_prealloc</code></a>()
-    function allocates slabs for the requested number of items, typically
-    following the initial creation of a zone. Subsequent allocations from the
-    zone will be satisfied using the pre-allocated slabs. Note that slab
-    allocation is performed with the <code class="Dv">M_WAITOK</code> flag, so
-    <code class="Fn">uma_prealloc</code>() may sleep.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zone_reserve">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_reserve"><code class="Fn">uma_zone_reserve</code></a>()
-    function sets the number of reserved items for the zone.
-    <code class="Fn">uma_zalloc</code>() and variants will ensure that the zone
-    contains at least the reserved number of free items. Reserved items may be
-    allocated by specifying <code class="Dv">M_USE_RESERVE</code> in the
-    allocation request flags. <code class="Fn">uma_zone_reserve</code>() does
-    not perform any pre-allocation by itself.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zone_reserve_kva">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_reserve_kva"><code class="Fn">uma_zone_reserve_kva</code></a>()
-    function pre-allocates kernel virtual address space for the requested number
-    of items. Subsequent allocations from the zone will be satisfied using the
-    pre-allocated address space. Note that unlike
-    <code class="Fn">uma_zone_reserve</code>(),
-    <code class="Fn">uma_zone_reserve_kva</code>() does not restrict the use of
-    the pre-allocation to <code class="Dv">M_USE_RESERVE</code> requests.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_reclaim">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_reclaim"><code class="Fn">uma_reclaim</code></a>()
-    and
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_reclaim"><code class="Fn" id="uma_zone_reclaim">uma_zone_reclaim</code></a>()
-    functions reclaim cached items from UMA zones, releasing unused memory. The
-    <code class="Fn">uma_reclaim</code>() function reclaims items from all
-    regular zones, while <code class="Fn">uma_zone_reclaim</code>() reclaims
-    items only from the specified zone. The <var class="Fa">req</var> parameter
-    must be one of three values which specify how aggressively items are to be
-    reclaimed:</p>
-<dl class="Bl-tag">
-  <dt id="UMA_RECLAIM_TRIM"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_RECLAIM_TRIM"><code class="Dv">UMA_RECLAIM_TRIM</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>Reclaim items only in excess of the zone's estimated working set size. The
-      working set size is periodically updated and tracks the recent history of
-      the zone's usage.</dd>
-  <dt id="UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN"><code class="Dv">UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>Reclaim all items from the unbounded cache. Free items in the per-CPU
-      caches are left alone.</dd>
-  <dt id="UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN_CPU"><a class="permalink" href="#UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN_CPU"><code class="Dv">UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN_CPU</code></a></dt>
-  <dd>Reclaim all cached items.</dd>
-</dl>
-The
-  <a class="permalink" href="#uma_reclaim_domain"><code class="Fn" id="uma_reclaim_domain">uma_reclaim_domain</code></a>()
-  and
-  <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_reclaim_domain"><code class="Fn" id="uma_zone_reclaim_domain">uma_zone_reclaim_domain</code></a>()
-  functions apply only to items allocated from the specified domain. In the case
-  of domains using a round-robin NUMA policy, cached items from all domains are
-  freed to the keg, but only slabs from the specific domain will be freed.
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zone_set_allocf">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_set_allocf"><code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_allocf</code></a>()
-    and
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_set_freef"><code class="Fn" id="uma_zone_set_freef">uma_zone_set_freef</code></a>()
-    functions allow a zone's default slab allocation and free functions to be
-    overridden. This is useful if memory with special constraints such as
-    attributes, alignment, or address ranges must be used.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zone_set_max">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_set_max"><code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_max</code></a>()
-    function limits the number of items (and therefore memory) that can be
-    allocated to <var class="Fa">zone</var>. The <var class="Fa">nitems</var>
-    argument specifies the requested upper limit number of items. The effective
-    limit is returned to the caller, as it may end up being higher than
-    requested due to the implementation rounding up to ensure all memory pages
-    allocated to the zone are utilised to capacity. The limit applies to the
-    total number of items in the zone, which includes allocated items, free
-    items and free items in the per-cpu caches. On systems with more than one
-    CPU it may not be possible to allocate the specified number of items even
-    when there is no shortage of memory, because all of the remaining free items
-    may be in the caches of the other CPUs when the limit is hit.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zone_set_maxcache">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_set_maxcache"><code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_maxcache</code></a>()
-    function limits the number of free items which may be cached in the zone.
-    This limit applies to both the per-CPU caches and the cache of free
-  buckets.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zone_get_max">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_get_max"><code class="Fn">uma_zone_get_max</code></a>()
-    function returns the effective upper limit number of items for a zone.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zone_get_cur">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_get_cur"><code class="Fn">uma_zone_get_cur</code></a>()
-    function returns an approximation of the number of items currently allocated
-    from the zone. The returned value is approximate because appropriate
-    synchronisation to determine an exact value is not performed by the
-    implementation. This ensures low overhead at the expense of potentially
-    stale data being used in the calculation.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zone_set_warning">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_set_warning"><code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_warning</code></a>()
-    function sets a warning that will be printed on the system console when the
-    given zone becomes full and fails to allocate an item. The warning will be
-    printed no more often than every five minutes. Warnings can be turned off
-    globally by setting the <var class="Va">vm.zone_warnings</var> sysctl
-    tunable to <var class="Va">0</var>.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zone_set_maxaction">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_set_maxaction"><code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_maxaction</code></a>()
-    function sets a function that will be called when the given zone becomes
-    full and fails to allocate an item. The function will be called with the
-    zone locked. Also, the function that called the allocation function may have
-    held additional locks. Therefore, this function should do very little work
-    (similar to a signal handler).</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="uma_zone_set_smr">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#uma_zone_set_smr"><code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_smr</code></a>()
-    function associates an existing <a class="Xr">smr(9)</a> structure with a
-    UMA zone. The effect is similar to creating a zone with the
-    <code class="Dv">UMA_ZONE_SMR</code> flag, except that a new SMR structure
-    is not created. This function must be called before any allocations from the
-    zone are performed.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="SYSCTL_UMA_MAX">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#SYSCTL_UMA_MAX"><code class="Fn">SYSCTL_UMA_MAX</code></a>(<var class="Fa">parent</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">nbr</var>, <var class="Fa">name</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">access</var>, <var class="Fa">zone</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">descr</var>) macro declares a static
-    <a class="Xr">sysctl(9)</a> oid that exports the effective upper limit
-    number of items for a zone. The <var class="Fa">zone</var> argument should
-    be a pointer to <var class="Vt">uma_zone_t</var>. A read of the oid returns
-    value obtained through <code class="Fn">uma_zone_get_max</code>(). A write
-    to the oid sets new value via <code class="Fn">uma_zone_set_max</code>().
-    The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#SYSCTL_ADD_UMA_MAX"><code class="Fn" id="SYSCTL_ADD_UMA_MAX">SYSCTL_ADD_UMA_MAX</code></a>(<var class="Fa">ctx</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">parent</var>, <var class="Fa">nbr</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">name</var>, <var class="Fa">access</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">zone</var>, <var class="Fa">descr</var>) macro is provided
-    to create this type of oid dynamically.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="SYSCTL_UMA_CUR">The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#SYSCTL_UMA_CUR"><code class="Fn">SYSCTL_UMA_CUR</code></a>(<var class="Fa">parent</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">nbr</var>, <var class="Fa">name</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">access</var>, <var class="Fa">zone</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">descr</var>) macro declares a static read-only
-    <a class="Xr">sysctl(9)</a> oid that exports the approximate current
-    occupancy of the zone. The <var class="Fa">zone</var> argument should be a
-    pointer to <var class="Vt">uma_zone_t</var>. A read of the oid returns value
-    obtained through <code class="Fn">uma_zone_get_cur</code>(). The
-    <a class="permalink" href="#SYSCTL_ADD_UMA_CUR"><code class="Fn" id="SYSCTL_ADD_UMA_CUR">SYSCTL_ADD_UMA_CUR</code></a>(<var class="Fa">ctx</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">parent</var>, <var class="Fa">nbr</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">name</var>, <var class="Fa">zone</var>,
-    <var class="Fa">descr</var>) macro is provided to create this type of oid
-    dynamically.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="IMPLEMENTATION_NOTES"><a class="permalink" href="#IMPLEMENTATION_NOTES">IMPLEMENTATION
-  NOTES</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The memory that these allocation calls return is not executable.
-    The <code class="Fn">uma_zalloc</code>() function does not support the
-    <code class="Dv">M_EXEC</code> flag to allocate executable memory. Not all
-    platforms enforce a distinction between executable and non-executable
-    memory.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
-  ALSO</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr">numa(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">vmstat(8)</a>,
-    <a class="Xr">malloc(9)</a>, <a class="Xr">smr(9)</a></p>
-<p class="Pp"><cite class="Rs"><span class="RsA">Jeff Bonwick</span>,
-    <span class="RsT">The Slab Allocator: An Object-Caching Kernel Memory
-    Allocator</span>, <span class="RsD">1994</span>.</cite></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="permalink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The zone allocator first appeared in <span class="Ux">FreeBSD
-    3.0</span>. It was radically changed in <span class="Ux">FreeBSD 5.0</span>
-    to function as a slab allocator.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="AUTHORS"><a class="permalink" href="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The zone allocator was written by <span class="An">John S.
-    Dyson</span>. The zone allocator was rewritten in large parts by
-    <span class="An">Jeff Roberson</span>
-    &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:jeff@FreeBSD.org">jeff@FreeBSD.org</a>&gt; to
-    function as a slab allocator.</p>
-<p class="Pp">This manual page was written by <span class="An">Dag-Erling
-    Sm&#x00F8;rgrav</span>
-    &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:des@FreeBSD.org">des@FreeBSD.org</a>&gt;.
-    Changes for UMA by <span class="An">Jeroen Ruigrok van der Werven</span>
-    &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:asmodai@FreeBSD.org">asmodai@FreeBSD.org</a>&gt;.</p>
-</section>
-</div>
-<table class="foot">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="foot-date">January 16, 2023</td>
-    <td class="foot-os">FreeBSD 15.0</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>