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+<table class="head">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="head-ltitle">NANOBSD(8)</td>
+    <td class="head-vol">System Manager's Manual</td>
+    <td class="head-rtitle">NANOBSD(8)</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<div class="manual-text">
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">nanobsd.sh</code> &#x2014;
+    <span class="Nd">create an embedded FreeBSD system image</span></p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="permalink" href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
+<table class="Nm">
+  <tr>
+    <td><code class="Nm">nanobsd.sh</code></td>
+    <td>[<code class="Fl">-BbfhIiKknpqvWwX</code>] [<code class="Fl">-c</code>
+      <var class="Ar">config-file</var>]</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">nanobsd.sh</code> utility is a script which
+    produces a minimal implementation of <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> (called
+    <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code>), which typically fits on a small media such
+    as an SD card, or other mass storage medium. It can be used to build
+    specialized install images, designed for easy installation and
+  maintenance.</p>
+<p class="Pp">The following options are available:</p>
+<div class="Bd-indent">
+<dl class="Bl-tag">
+  <dt id="B"><a class="permalink" href="#B"><code class="Fl">-B</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Skip the install stages (both for kernel and world).</dd>
+  <dt id="b"><a class="permalink" href="#b"><code class="Fl">-b</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Skip the build stages (both for kernel and world).</dd>
+  <dt id="c"><a class="permalink" href="#c"><code class="Fl">-c</code></a>
+    <var class="Ar">config-file</var></dt>
+  <dd>Specify the configuration file to use.</dd>
+  <dt id="f"><a class="permalink" href="#f"><code class="Fl">-f</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Skip the code slice extraction.</dd>
+  <dt id="h"><a class="permalink" href="#h"><code class="Fl">-h</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Display usage information.</dd>
+  <dt id="I"><a class="permalink" href="#I"><code class="Fl">-I</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Build the disk image from an existing build/install.</dd>
+  <dt id="i"><a class="permalink" href="#i"><code class="Fl">-i</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Skip the disk image build stage.</dd>
+  <dt id="K"><a class="permalink" href="#K"><code class="Fl">-K</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Skip the <code class="Cm">installkernel</code> stage of the build.</dd>
+  <dt id="k"><a class="permalink" href="#k"><code class="Fl">-k</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Skip the <code class="Cm">buildkernel</code> stage of the build.</dd>
+  <dt id="n"><a class="permalink" href="#n"><code class="Fl">-n</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Do not cleanup before each build stage. This suppresses the normal cleanup
+      work done before the <code class="Cm">buildworld</code> stage and adds
+      -DNO_CLEAN to the make command line used for each build stage (world and
+      kernel).</dd>
+  <dt id="p"><a class="permalink" href="#p"><code class="Fl">-p</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Don't prepare the image. Skip running of the customization and early
+      customization scripts for incremental image refinement from world, kernel,
+      or packages.</dd>
+  <dt id="q"><a class="permalink" href="#q"><code class="Fl">-q</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Make output more quiet.</dd>
+  <dt id="v"><a class="permalink" href="#v"><code class="Fl">-v</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Make output more verbose.</dd>
+  <dt id="W"><a class="permalink" href="#W"><code class="Fl">-W</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Skip the <code class="Cm">installworld</code> stage of the build.</dd>
+  <dt id="w"><a class="permalink" href="#w"><code class="Fl">-w</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Skip the <code class="Cm">buildworld</code> stage of the build.</dd>
+  <dt id="X"><a class="permalink" href="#X"><code class="Fl">-X</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Make <code class="Cm">native-xtools</code>.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">The features of <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code> include:</p>
+<p class="Pp"></p>
+<ul class="Bl-bullet Bd-indent Bl-compact">
+  <li>Ports and packages work as in <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span>. Every
+      single application can be installed and used in a
+      <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code> image, the same way as in
+      <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span>.</li>
+  <li>No missing functionality. If it is possible to do something with
+      <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span>, it is possible to do the same thing with
+      <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code>, unless the specific feature or features
+      were explicitly removed from the <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code> image
+      when it was created.</li>
+  <li>Everything is read-only at run-time. It is safe to pull the power-plug.
+      There is no necessity to run <a class="Xr">fsck(8)</a> after a
+      non-graceful shutdown of the system.</li>
+  <li>Easy to build and customize. Making use of just one shell script and one
+      configuration file it is possible to build reduced and customized images
+      satisfying any arbitrary set of requirements.</li>
+</ul>
+<section class="Ss">
+<h2 class="Ss" id="NanoBSD_Media_Layout"><a class="permalink" href="#NanoBSD_Media_Layout">NanoBSD
+  Media Layout</a></h2>
+<p class="Pp">The mass storage medium is divided into three parts by default
+    (which are normally mounted read-only):</p>
+<p class="Pp"></p>
+<ul class="Bl-bullet Bd-indent Bl-compact">
+  <li>Two image partitions: <code class="Li">code#1</code> and
+      <code class="Li">code#2</code>.</li>
+  <li>The configuration file partition, which can be mounted under the
+      <span class="Pa">/cfg</span> directory at run time.</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="Pp">The <span class="Pa">/etc</span> and <span class="Pa">/var</span>
+    directories are <a class="Xr">md(4)</a> (malloc backed) disks.</p>
+<p class="Pp">The configuration file partition persists under the
+    <span class="Pa">/cfg</span> directory. It contains files for
+    <span class="Pa">/etc</span> directory and is briefly mounted read-only
+    right after the system boot, therefore it is required to copy modified files
+    from <span class="Pa">/etc</span> back to the <span class="Pa">/cfg</span>
+    directory if changes are expected to persist after the system restarts.</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="BUILDING_NanoBSD"><a class="permalink" href="#BUILDING_NanoBSD">BUILDING
+  <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code></a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">A <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code> image is built using a simple
+    <code class="Nm">nanobsd.sh</code> shell script, which can be found in the
+    <span class="Pa">src/tools/tools/nanobsd</span> directory. This script
+    creates a bootable image, which can be copied on the storage medium using
+    the <a class="Xr">dd(1)</a> utility.</p>
+<p class="Pp">The necessary commands to build and install a
+    <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code> image are:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>cd /usr/src/tools/tools/nanobsd
+sh nanobsd.sh
+cd /usr/obj/nanobsd.full
+dd if=_.disk.full of=/dev/da0 bs=64k</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="CUSTOMIZING_NanoBSD"><a class="permalink" href="#CUSTOMIZING_NanoBSD">CUSTOMIZING
+  <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code></a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">This is probably the most important and most interesting feature
+    of <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code>. This is also where you will be spending
+    most of the time when developing with <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code>.</p>
+<p class="Pp">Customization is done in two ways:</p>
+<p class="Pp"></p>
+<ul class="Bl-bullet Bd-indent Bl-compact">
+  <li>Configuration options.</li>
+  <li>Custom functions.</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="Pp">With configuration settings, it is possible to configure options
+    passed to both the <code class="Cm">buildworld</code> and
+    <code class="Cm">installworld</code> stages of the
+    <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code> build process, as well as internal options
+    passed to the main build process of <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code>. Through
+    these options it is possible to cut the system down, so it will fit on as
+    little as 64MB. You can use the configuration options to trim down the
+    system even more, until it will consist of just the kernel and two or three
+    files in the userland.</p>
+<p class="Pp">The configuration file consists of configuration options, which
+    override the default values. The most important directives are:</p>
+<div class="Bd-indent">
+<dl class="Bl-tag">
+  <dt id="NANO_NAME"><var class="Va">NANO_NAME</var></dt>
+  <dd>Build name (used to construct the working directory names).</dd>
+  <dt id="NANO_SRC"><var class="Va">NANO_SRC</var></dt>
+  <dd>Path to the source tree used to build the image.</dd>
+  <dt id="NANO_KERNEL"><var class="Va">NANO_KERNEL</var></dt>
+  <dd>Name of the kernel configuration file used to build the kernel.</dd>
+  <dt id="NANO_ARCH"><var class="Va">NANO_ARCH</var></dt>
+  <dd>Machine processor architecture to build. Defaults to output of
+      <code class="Cm">uname -p</code>.</dd>
+  <dt id="NANO_BOOT0CFG"><var class="Va">NANO_BOOT0CFG</var></dt>
+  <dd>Controls the options passed to <a class="Xr">boot0cfg(8)</a>; these
+      dictate <code class="Nm">boot0</code>'s behaviour.</dd>
+  <dt id="NANO_BOOTLOADER"><var class="Va">NANO_BOOTLOADER</var></dt>
+  <dd>The <code class="Nm">boot0</code> loader to use relative to the
+      <var class="Va">NANO_WORLDDIR</var> variable. This defaults to
+      <span class="Pa">boot/boot0sio</span> and should be overridden to
+      <span class="Pa">boot/boot0</span> to provide a VGA console.</dd>
+  <dt id="CONF_BUILD"><var class="Va">CONF_BUILD</var></dt>
+  <dd>Options passed to the <code class="Cm">buildworld</code> stage of the
+      build.</dd>
+  <dt id="CONF_INSTALL"><var class="Va">CONF_INSTALL</var></dt>
+  <dd>Options passed to the <code class="Cm">installworld</code> stage of the
+      build.</dd>
+  <dt id="CONF_WORLD"><var class="Va">CONF_WORLD</var></dt>
+  <dd>Options passed to both the <code class="Cm">buildworld</code> and
+      <code class="Cm">installworld</code> stages of the build.</dd>
+  <dt id="FlashDevice"><var class="Va">FlashDevice</var></dt>
+  <dd>Defines the type of media to use. Check the
+      <span class="Pa">FlashDevice.sub</span> file for more details.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">For more configuration options, please check the
+    <code class="Nm">nanobsd.sh</code> script.</p>
+<p class="Pp">To build <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code> image using the
+    <span class="Pa">nanobsd.conf</span> configuration file, use the following
+    command:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>sh nanobsd.sh -c nanobsd.conf</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">It is possible to fine-tune <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code> using
+    shell functions in the configuration file. The following example illustrates
+    the basic model of custom functions:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>cust_foo () (
+	echo &quot;bar=topless&quot; &gt; \
+	     ${NANO_WORLDDIR}/etc/foo
+)
+customize_cmd cust_foo</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">There are a few pre-defined customization functions ready for
+  use:</p>
+<div class="Bd-indent">
+<dl class="Bl-tag">
+  <dt id="cust_comconsole"><a class="permalink" href="#cust_comconsole"><code class="Cm">cust_comconsole</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Disables <a class="Xr">getty(8)</a> on the virtual
+      <a class="Xr">syscons(4)</a> or <a class="Xr">vt(4)</a> terminals
+      (<span class="Pa">/dev/ttyv*</span>) and enables the use of the first
+      serial port as the system console.</dd>
+  <dt id="cust_allow_ssh_root"><a class="permalink" href="#cust_allow_ssh_root"><code class="Cm">cust_allow_ssh_root</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Allow root to log in via <a class="Xr">sshd(8)</a>.</dd>
+  <dt id="cust_install_files"><a class="permalink" href="#cust_install_files"><code class="Cm">cust_install_files</code></a></dt>
+  <dd>Installs files from the <span class="Pa">nanobsd/Files</span> directory,
+      which contains some useful scripts for system administration.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="FILES"><a class="permalink" href="#FILES">FILES</a></h1>
+<dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
+  <dt><span class="Pa">src/tools/tools/nanobsd</span></dt>
+  <dd>Base directory of the <code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code> build script.</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="EXAMPLES"><a class="permalink" href="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">Making persistent changes to
+    <span class="Pa">/etc/resolv.conf</span>:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>vi /etc/resolv.conf
+...
+mount /cfg
+cp /etc/resolv.conf /cfg
+umount /cfg</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">A more useful example of a customization function is the
+    following, which changes the default size of the
+    <span class="Pa">/etc</span> directory from 5MB to 30MB:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>cust_etc_size () (
+	cd ${NANO_WORLDDIR}/conf
+	echo 30000 &gt; default/etc/md_size
+)
+customize_cmd cust_etc_size</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
+  ALSO</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr">make.conf(5)</a>, <a class="Xr">boot(8)</a>,
+    <a class="Xr">boot0cfg(8)</a></p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="permalink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">nanobsd.sh</code> utility first appeared in
+    <span class="Ux">FreeBSD 6.0</span>.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="AUTHORS"><a class="permalink" href="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">NanoBSD</code> was developed by
+    <span class="An">Poul-Henning Kamp</span>
+    &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:phk@FreeBSD.org">phk@FreeBSD.org</a>&gt;.
+    This manual page was written by <span class="An">Daniel Gerzo</span>
+    &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:danger@FreeBSD.org">danger@FreeBSD.org</a>&gt;.</p>
+</section>
+</div>
+<table class="foot">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="foot-date">September 9, 2025</td>
+    <td class="foot-os">FreeBSD 15.0</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>