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authorJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-25 19:59:05 -0400
committerJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-25 19:59:05 -0400
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-<table class="head">
- <tr>
- <td class="head-ltitle">CRASH(8)</td>
- <td class="head-vol">System Manager's Manual</td>
- <td class="head-rtitle">CRASH(8)</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-<div class="manual-text">
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">crash</code> &#x2014; <span class="Nd">FreeBSD
- system failures</span></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">This section explains a bit about system crashes and (very
- briefly) how to analyze crash dumps.</p>
-<p class="Pp">When the system crashes voluntarily it prints a message of the
- form</p>
-<dl class="Bl-diag Bd-indent">
- <dt>panic: why i gave up the ghost</dt>
- <dd></dd>
-</dl>
-<p class="Pp">on the console, and if dumps have been enabled (see
- <a class="Xr">dumpon(8)</a>), takes a dump on a mass storage peripheral, and
- then invokes an automatic reboot procedure as described in
- <a class="Xr">reboot(8)</a>. Unless some unexpected inconsistency is
- encountered in the state of the file systems due to hardware or software
- failure, the system will then resume multi-user operations.</p>
-<p class="Pp">The system has a large number of internal consistency checks; if
- one of these fails, then it will panic with a very short message indicating
- which one failed. In many instances, this will be the name of the routine
- which detected the error, or a two-word description of the inconsistency. A
- full understanding of most panic messages requires perusal of the source
- code for the system.</p>
-<p class="Pp">The most common cause of system failures is hardware failure,
- which can reflect itself in different ways. Here are the messages which are
- most likely, with some hints as to causes. Left unstated in all cases is the
- possibility that hardware or software error produced the message in some
- unexpected way.</p>
-<p class="Pp"></p>
-<dl class="Bl-diag Bl-compact">
- <dt>Mounting from &lt;device&gt; failed with error &lt;err&gt;</dt>
- <dd>The system was unable to mount the configured root filesystem. Either the
- root filesystem has been corrupted, or the system is attempting to use the
- wrong device as root filesystem.
- <p class="Pp" id="mountroot_">This is not a panic message; rather it is
- followed by an interactive
- <a class="permalink" href="#mountroot_"><b class="Sy">mountroot&gt;</b></a>
- prompt where the operator can list detected devices and filesystems, and
- select an alternative root filesystem to mount. Alternatively, the
- system can be booted from recovery media to repair the situation. The
- system install media provides a live environment which is suitable for
- this task.</p>
- <p class="Pp"></p>
- </dd>
- <dt>init: not found</dt>
- <dd>This is not a panic message, as reboots are likely to be futile. Late in
- the bootstrap procedure, the system was unable to locate and execute the
- initialization process, <a class="Xr">init(8)</a>. The root file system is
- incorrect or has been corrupted, or the mode or type of
- <span class="Pa">/sbin/init</span> forbids execution or is totally
- missing.
- <p class="Pp"></p>
- </dd>
- <dt>ffs_realloccg: bad optim</dt>
- <dd></dd>
- <dt>ffs_valloc: dup alloc</dt>
- <dd></dd>
- <dt>ffs_alloccgblk: cyl groups corrupted</dt>
- <dd></dd>
- <dt>ffs_alloccg: map corrupted</dt>
- <dd></dd>
- <dt>blkfree: freeing free block</dt>
- <dd></dd>
- <dt>blkfree: freeing free frag</dt>
- <dd></dd>
- <dt>ifree: freeing free inode</dt>
- <dd>These panic messages are among those that may be produced when file system
- inconsistencies are detected. The problem generally results from a failure
- to repair damaged file systems after a crash, hardware failures, or other
- condition that should not normally occur. A file system check will
- normally correct the problem.
- <p class="Pp"></p>
- </dd>
- <dt>init died (signal #, exit #)</dt>
- <dd>The system initialization process has exited with the specified signal
- number and exit code. This is bad news, as no new users will then be able
- to log in. Rebooting is the only fix, so the system just does it right
- away.</dd>
-</dl>
-<p class="Pp">That completes the list of panic types you are likely to see.</p>
-<p class="Pp">If the system has been configured to take crash dumps (see
- <a class="Xr">dumpon(8)</a>), then when it crashes it will write (or at
- least attempt to write) an image of memory into the back end of the dump
- device, usually the same as the primary swap area. After the system is
- rebooted, the program <a class="Xr">savecore(8)</a> runs and preserves a
- copy of this core image and the current system in a specified directory for
- later perusal. See <a class="Xr">savecore(8)</a> for details.</p>
-<p class="Pp">To analyze a dump you should begin by running
- <a class="Xr">kgdb(1)</a> (<span class="Pa">ports/devel/gdb</span>) on the
- system load image and core dump. If the core image is the result of a panic,
- the panic message is printed. For more details consult the chapter on kernel
- debugging in the <i class="RsB">FreeBSD Developers' Handbook</i>
- (<span class="Pa">https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/developers-handbook/</span>).</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
- ALSO</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr">kgdb(1)</a>
- (<span class="Pa">ports/devel/gdb</span>), <a class="Xr">dumpon(8)</a>,
- <a class="Xr">reboot(8)</a>, <a class="Xr">savecore(8)</a></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="permalink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">crash</code> manual page first appeared in
- <span class="Ux">FreeBSD 2.2</span>.</p>
-</section>
-</div>
-<table class="foot">
- <tr>
- <td class="foot-date">July 25, 2025</td>
- <td class="foot-os">FreeBSD 15.0</td>
- </tr>
-</table>