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authorJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-25 19:59:05 -0400
committerJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-25 19:59:05 -0400
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-<table class="head">
- <tr>
- <td class="head-ltitle">MOUNT.CONF(5)</td>
- <td class="head-vol">File Formats Manual</td>
- <td class="head-rtitle">MOUNT.CONF(5)</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-<div class="manual-text">
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">mount.conf</code> &#x2014; <span class="Nd">root
- file system mount configuration file</span></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="permalink" href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><span class="Pa">/.mount.conf</span></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">During the bootup process, the <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span>
- kernel will try to mount the root file system using the logic in the
- <a class="permalink" href="#vfs_mountroot"><code class="Fn" id="vfs_mountroot">vfs_mountroot</code></a>()
- function in <span class="Pa">src/sys/kern/vfs_mountroot.c</span>. The root
- mount logic can be described as follows:</p>
-<ol class="Bl-enum">
- <li id="vfs_mountroot_conf0">The kernel will synthesize in memory a config
- file with default directives for mounting the root file system. The logic
- for this is in
- <a class="permalink" href="#vfs_mountroot_conf0"><code class="Fn">vfs_mountroot_conf0</code></a>().</li>
- <li>The kernel will first mount <a class="Xr">devfs(4)</a> as the root file
- system.</li>
- <li>Next, the kernel will parse the in-memory config file created in step 1
- and try to mount the actual root file system. See
- <a class="Sx" href="#FILE_FORMAT">FILE FORMAT</a> for the format of the
- config file.</li>
- <li>When the actual root file system is mounted, <a class="Xr">devfs(4)</a>
- will be re-mounted on the <span class="Pa">/dev</span> directory.</li>
- <li>If a <span class="Pa">/.mount.conf</span> file does not exist in the root
- file system which was just mounted, the root mount logic stops here.</li>
- <li>If a <span class="Pa">/.mount.conf</span> file exists in the root file
- system which was just mounted, this file will be parsed, and the kernel
- will use this new config file to try to re-mount the root file system. See
- <a class="Sx" href="#FILE_FORMAT">FILE FORMAT</a> for the format of the
- config file.</li>
- <li>If the new root file system has a <span class="Pa">/.mount</span>
- directory, the old root file system will be re-mounted on
- <span class="Pa">/.mount</span>.</li>
- <li>The root mount logic will go back to step 4.</li>
-</ol>
-<p class="Pp">The root mount logic is recursive, and step 8 will be repeated as
- long as each new root file system which is mounted has a
- <span class="Pa">/.mount.conf</span> file.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="FILE_FORMAT"><a class="permalink" href="#FILE_FORMAT">FILE
- FORMAT</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The kernel parses each line in <span class="Pa">.mount.conf</span>
- and then tries to perform the action specified on that line as soon as it is
- parsed.</p>
-<dl class="Bl-tag">
- <dt id="_"><a class="permalink" href="#_"><code class="Ic">#</code></a></dt>
- <dd>A line beginning with a # is a comment and is ignored.</dd>
- <dt id="_FS_:_MOUNTPOINT_"><a class="permalink" href="#_FS_:_MOUNTPOINT_"><code class="Ic">{FS}:{MOUNTPOINT}
- {OPTIONS}</code></a></dt>
- <dd>The kernel will try to mount this in an operation equivalent to:
- <div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
- <pre>mount -t {FS} -o {OPTIONS} {MOUNTPOINT} /</pre>
- </div>
- <p class="Pp">If this is successfully mounted, further lines in
- <span class="Pa">.mount.conf</span> are ignored. If all lines in
- <span class="Pa">.mount.conf</span> have been processed and no root file
- system has been successfully mounted, then the action specified by
- <code class="Ic">.onfail</code> is performed.</p>
- </dd>
- <dt id=".ask"><a class="permalink" href="#.ask"><code class="Ic">.ask</code></a></dt>
- <dd>When the kernel processes this line, a
- <code class="Li">mountroot&gt;</code> command-line prompt is displayed. At
- this prompt, the operator can enter the root mount.</dd>
- <dt id=".md"><a class="permalink" href="#.md"><code class="Ic">.md</code></a>
- <var class="Ar">file</var></dt>
- <dd>Create a memory backed <a class="Xr">md(4)</a> virtual disk, using
- <var class="Ar">file</var> as the backing store.</dd>
- <dt id=".onfail"><a class="permalink" href="#.onfail"><code class="Ic">.onfail</code></a>
- <var class="Ar">[panic|reboot|retry|continue]</var></dt>
- <dd>If after parsing all the lines in <span class="Pa">.mount.conf</span> the
- kernel is unable to mount a root file system, the
- <code class="Ic">.onfail</code> directive tells the kernel what action to
- perform.</dd>
- <dt id=".timeout"><a class="permalink" href="#.timeout"><code class="Ic">.timeout</code></a>
- <var class="Ar">N</var></dt>
- <dd>Before trying to mount a root file system, if the root mount device does
- not exist, wait at most <var class="Ar">N</var> seconds for the device to
- appear before trying to mount it. If <code class="Ic">.timeout</code> is
- not specified, the default timeout is 3 seconds.</dd>
-</dl>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="EXAMPLES"><a class="permalink" href="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The following example <span class="Pa">.mount.conf</span> will
- direct the kernel to try mounting the root file system first as an ISO
- CD9660 file system on <span class="Pa">/dev/cd0</span>, then if that does
- not work, as an ISO CD9660 file system on <span class="Pa">/dev/cd1</span>,
- and then if that does not work, as a UFS file system on
- <span class="Pa">/dev/ada0s1a</span>. If that does not work, a
- <code class="Li">mountroot&gt;</code> command-line prompt will be displayed
- where the operator can manually enter the root file system to mount. Finally
- if that does not work, the kernel will panic.</p>
-<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
-<pre><code class="Li">.onfail panic</code>
-<code class="Li">.timeout 3</code>
-cd9660:/dev/cd0 ro
-<code class="Li">.timeout 0</code>
-cd9660:/dev/cd1 ro
-<code class="Li">.timeout 3</code>
-ufs:/dev/ada0s1a
-<code class="Li">.ask</code></pre>
-</div>
-<p class="Pp">The following example <span class="Pa">.mount.conf</span> will
- direct the kernel to create a <a class="Xr">md(4)</a> memory disk attached
- to the file <span class="Pa">/data/OS-1.0.iso</span> and then mount the ISO
- CD9660 file system on the md device which was just created. The last line is
- a comment which is ignored.</p>
-<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
-<pre><code class="Li">.timeout 3</code>
-<code class="Li">.md /data/OS-1.0.iso</code>
-<code class="Li">cd9600:/dev/md# ro</code>
-<code class="Li"># Can also use cd9660:/dev/md0 ro</code></pre>
-</div>
-<p class="Pp">The following example <span class="Pa">.mount.conf</span> will
- direct the kernel to create a <a class="Xr">md(4)</a> memory disk attached
- to the file <span class="Pa">/data/base.ufs.uzip</span> and then mount the
- UFS file system on the md uzip device which was just created by the
- <a class="Xr">geom_uzip(4)</a> driver.</p>
-<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
-<pre><code class="Li">.md /data/base.ufs.uzip</code>
-<code class="Li">ufs:/dev/md#.uzip ro</code>
-<code class="Li"># Can also use ufs:/dev/md0.uzip ro</code></pre>
-</div>
-<p class="Pp">The following example <span class="Pa">.mount.conf</span> will
- direct the kernel to do a unionfs mount on a directory
- <span class="Pa">/jail/freebsd-8-stable</span> which has a
- <a class="Xr">chroot(2)</a> environment.</p>
-<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
-<pre><code class="Li">.timeout 3</code>
-<code class="Li">unionfs:/jail/freebsd-8-stable</code></pre>
-</div>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="NOTES"><a class="permalink" href="#NOTES">NOTES</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">For each root file system which is mounted, a
- <span class="Pa">/dev</span> directory
- <a class="permalink" href="#must"><i class="Em" id="must">must</i></a> exist
- so that the root mount logic can properly re-mount
- <a class="Xr">devfs(4)</a>. If this directory does not exist, the system may
- hang during the bootup process.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
- ALSO</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr">nmount(2)</a>, <a class="Xr">md(4)</a>,
- <a class="Xr">boot.config(5)</a>, <a class="Xr">fstab(5)</a>,
- <a class="Xr">boot(8)</a>, <a class="Xr">loader(8)</a>,
- <a class="Xr">mount(8)</a></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="permalink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">mount.conf</code> file first appeared in
- <span class="Ux">FreeBSD 9.0</span>.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="AUTHORS"><a class="permalink" href="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The root mount logic in the <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> kernel
- which parses <span class="Pa">/.mount.conf</span> was written by
- <span class="An">Marcel Moolenaar</span>
- &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:marcel@FreeBSD.org">marcel@FreeBSD.org</a>&gt;.
- This man page was written by <span class="An">Craig Rodrigues</span>
- &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:rodrigc@FreeBSD.org">rodrigc@FreeBSD.org</a>&gt;.</p>
-</section>
-</div>
-<table class="foot">
- <tr>
- <td class="foot-date">October 17, 2013</td>
- <td class="foot-os">FreeBSD 15.0</td>
- </tr>
-</table>