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+<table class="head">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="head-ltitle">VALE(4)</td>
+    <td class="head-vol">Device Drivers Manual</td>
+    <td class="head-rtitle">VALE(4)</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<div class="manual-text">
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">vale</code> &#x2014; <span class="Nd">a very fast
+    Virtual Local Ethernet using the netmap API</span></p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="permalink" href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Cd">device netmap</code></p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">vale</code> is a feature of the
+    <a class="Xr">netmap(4)</a> module that implements multiple Virtual switches
+    that can be used to interconnect netmap clients, including traffic sources
+    and sinks, packet forwarders, userspace firewalls, and so on.</p>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">vale</code> is implemented completely in
+    software, and is extremely fast. On a modern machine it can move almost 20
+    Million packets per second (Mpps) per core with small frames, and about 70
+    Gbit/s with 1500 byte frames.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="OPERATION"><a class="permalink" href="#OPERATION">OPERATION</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">vale</code> dynamically creates switches and
+    ports as clients connect to it using the <a class="Xr">netmap(4)</a>
+  API.</p>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">vale</code> ports are named
+    <span class="Pa">valeSSS:PPP</span> where <span class="Pa">vale</span> is
+    the prefix indicating a VALE switch rather than a standard interface,
+    <span class="Pa">SSS</span> indicates a specific switch (the colon is a
+    separator), and <span class="Pa">PPP</span> indicates a port within the
+    switch. Both SSS and PPP have the form [0-9a-zA-Z_]+ , the string cannot
+    exceed IFNAMSIZ characters, and PPP cannot be the name of any existing OS
+    network interface.</p>
+<p class="Pp">See <a class="Xr">netmap(4)</a> for details on the API.</p>
+<section class="Ss">
+<h2 class="Ss" id="LIMITS"><a class="permalink" href="#LIMITS">LIMITS</a></h2>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">vale</code> currently supports up to 254 ports
+    per switch. The maximum number of switches is provided by the max_bridges
+    sysctl variable.</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="SYSCTL_VARIABLES"><a class="permalink" href="#SYSCTL_VARIABLES">SYSCTL
+  VARIABLES</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">See <a class="Xr">netmap(4)</a> for a list of sysctl variables
+    that affect <code class="Nm">vale</code> bridges.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="EXAMPLES"><a class="permalink" href="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">Create one switch, with a traffic generator connected to one port,
+    and a netmap-enabled tcpdump instance on another port:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>tcpdump -ni valea:1 &amp;
+pkt-gen  -i valea:0 -f tx &amp;</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">Create two switches, each connected to two qemu machines on
+    different ports.</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>qemu -net nic -net netmap,ifname=vale1:a ... &amp;
+qemu -net nic -net netmap,ifname=vale1:b ... &amp;
+qemu -net nic -net netmap,ifname=vale2:c ... &amp;
+qemu -net nic -net netmap,ifname=vale2:d ... &amp;</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
+  ALSO</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr">netmap(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">valectl(8)</a></p>
+<p class="Pp">Luigi Rizzo, Giuseppe Lettieri: VALE, a switched ethernet for
+    virtual machines, June 2012, http://info.iet.unipi.it/~luigi/vale/</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="AUTHORS"><a class="permalink" href="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">vale</code> switch was designed and
+    implemented in 2012 by <span class="An">Luigi Rizzo</span> and
+    <span class="An">Giuseppe Lettieri</span> at the Universita` di Pisa.</p>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">vale</code> was funded by the European Commission
+    within FP7 Projects CHANGE (257422) and OPENLAB (287581).</p>
+</section>
+</div>
+<table class="foot">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="foot-date">August 30, 2024</td>
+    <td class="foot-os">FreeBSD 15.0</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>