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-<table class="head">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="head-ltitle">POLLING(4)</td>
-    <td class="head-vol">Device Drivers Manual</td>
-    <td class="head-rtitle">POLLING(4)</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<div class="manual-text">
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">polling</code> &#x2014; <span class="Nd">device
-    polling support</span></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="permalink" href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Cd">options DEVICE_POLLING</code></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">Device polling ( <code class="Nm">polling</code> for brevity)
-    refers to a technique that lets the operating system periodically poll
-    devices, instead of relying on the devices to generate interrupts when they
-    need attention. This might seem inefficient and counterintuitive, but when
-    done properly, <code class="Nm">polling</code> gives more control to the
-    operating system on when and how to handle devices, with a number of
-    advantages in terms of system responsiveness and performance.</p>
-<p class="Pp">In particular, <code class="Nm">polling</code> reduces the
-    overhead for context switches which is incurred when servicing interrupts,
-    and gives more control on the scheduling of the CPU between various tasks
-    (user processes, software interrupts, device handling) which ultimately
-    reduces the chances of livelock in the system.</p>
-<section class="Ss">
-<h2 class="Ss" id="Principles_of_Operation"><a class="permalink" href="#Principles_of_Operation">Principles
-  of Operation</a></h2>
-<p class="Pp">In the normal, interrupt-based mode, devices generate an interrupt
-    whenever they need attention. This in turn causes a context switch and the
-    execution of an interrupt handler which performs whatever processing is
-    needed by the device. The duration of the interrupt handler is potentially
-    unbounded unless the device driver has been programmed with real-time
-    concerns in mind (which is generally not the case for
-    <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span> drivers). Furthermore, under heavy traffic
-    load, the system might be persistently processing interrupts without being
-    able to complete other work, either in the kernel or in userland.</p>
-<p class="Pp">Device polling disables interrupts by polling devices at
-    appropriate times, i.e., on clock interrupts and within the idle loop. This
-    way, the context switch overhead is removed. Furthermore, the operating
-    system can control accurately how much work to spend in handling device
-    events, and thus prevent livelock by reserving some amount of CPU to other
-    tasks.</p>
-<p class="Pp">Enabling <code class="Nm">polling</code> also changes the way
-    software network interrupts are scheduled, so there is never the risk of
-    livelock because packets are not processed to completion.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Ss">
-<h2 class="Ss" id="Enabling_polling"><a class="permalink" href="#Enabling_polling">Enabling
-  polling</a></h2>
-<p class="Pp">Currently only network interface drivers support the
-    <code class="Nm">polling</code> feature. It is turned on and off with help
-    of <a class="Xr">ifconfig(8)</a> command.</p>
-<p class="Pp">The historic <var class="Va">kern.polling.enable</var>, which
-    enabled polling for all interfaces, can be replaced with the following
-  code:</p>
-<div class="Bd Pp Li">
-<pre>for i in `ifconfig -l` ;
-  do ifconfig $i polling; # use -polling to disable
-done</pre>
-</div>
-</section>
-<section class="Ss">
-<h2 class="Ss" id="MIB_Variables"><a class="permalink" href="#MIB_Variables">MIB
-  Variables</a></h2>
-<p class="Pp">The operation of <code class="Nm">polling</code> is controlled by
-    the following <a class="Xr">sysctl(8)</a> MIB variables:</p>
-<p class="Pp"></p>
-<dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
-  <dt id="kern.polling.user_frac"><var class="Va">kern.polling.user_frac</var></dt>
-  <dd>When <code class="Nm">polling</code> is enabled, and provided that there
-      is some work to do, up to this percent of the CPU cycles is reserved to
-      userland tasks, the remaining fraction being available for
-      <code class="Nm">polling</code> processing. Default is 50.
-    <p class="Pp"></p>
-  </dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.burst"><var class="Va">kern.polling.burst</var></dt>
-  <dd>Maximum number of packets grabbed from each network interface in each
-      timer tick. This number is dynamically adjusted by the kernel, according
-      to the programmed <var class="Va">user_frac</var>,
-      <var class="Va">burst_max</var>, CPU speed, and system load.
-    <p class="Pp"></p>
-  </dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.each_burst"><var class="Va">kern.polling.each_burst</var></dt>
-  <dd>The burst above is split into smaller chunks of this number of packets,
-      going round-robin among all interfaces registered for
-      <code class="Nm">polling</code>. This prevents the case that a large burst
-      from a single interface can saturate the IP interrupt queue
-      (<var class="Va">net.inet.ip.intr_queue_maxlen</var>). Default is 5.
-    <p class="Pp"></p>
-  </dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.burst_max"><var class="Va">kern.polling.burst_max</var></dt>
-  <dd>Upper bound for <var class="Va">kern.polling.burst</var>. Note that when
-      <code class="Nm">polling</code> is enabled, each interface can receive at
-      most (<var class="Va">HZ</var> <span class="No">*</span>
-      <var class="Va">burst_max</var>) packets per second unless there are spare
-      CPU cycles available for <code class="Nm">polling</code> in the idle loop.
-      This number should be tuned to match the expected load (which can be quite
-      high with GigE cards). Default is 150 which is adequate for 100Mbit
-      network and HZ=1000.
-    <p class="Pp"></p>
-  </dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.idle_poll"><var class="Va">kern.polling.idle_poll</var></dt>
-  <dd>Controls if <code class="Nm">polling</code> is enabled in the idle loop.
-      There are no reasons (other than power saving or bugs in the scheduler's
-      handling of idle priority kernel threads) to disable this.
-    <p class="Pp"></p>
-  </dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.reg_frac"><var class="Va">kern.polling.reg_frac</var></dt>
-  <dd>Controls how often (every <var class="Va">reg_frac</var>
-      <span class="No">/</span> <var class="Va">HZ</var> seconds) the status
-      registers of the device are checked for error conditions and the like.
-      Increasing this value reduces the load on the bus, but also delays the
-      error detection. Default is 20.
-    <p class="Pp"></p>
-  </dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.handlers"><var class="Va">kern.polling.handlers</var></dt>
-  <dd>How many active devices have registered for
-      <code class="Nm">polling</code>.
-    <p class="Pp"></p>
-  </dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.short_ticks"><var class="Va">kern.polling.short_ticks</var></dt>
-  <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.lost_polls"><var class="Va">kern.polling.lost_polls</var></dt>
-  <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.pending_polls"><var class="Va">kern.polling.pending_polls</var></dt>
-  <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.residual_burst"><var class="Va">kern.polling.residual_burst</var></dt>
-  <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.phase"><var class="Va">kern.polling.phase</var></dt>
-  <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.suspect"><var class="Va">kern.polling.suspect</var></dt>
-  <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
-  <dt id="kern.polling.stalled"><var class="Va">kern.polling.stalled</var></dt>
-  <dd>Debugging variables.</dd>
-</dl>
-</section>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="SUPPORTED_DEVICES"><a class="permalink" href="#SUPPORTED_DEVICES">SUPPORTED
-  DEVICES</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">Device polling requires explicit modifications to the device
-    drivers. As of this writing, the <a class="Xr">bge(4)</a>,
-    <a class="Xr">dc(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">em(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">fwe(4)</a>,
-    <a class="Xr">fwip(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">fxp(4)</a>,
-    <a class="Xr">igb(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">nfe(4)</a>,
-    <a class="Xr">nge(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">re(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">rl(4)</a>,
-    <a class="Xr">sis(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">ste(4)</a>,
-    <a class="Xr">stge(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">vge(4)</a>,
-    <a class="Xr">vr(4)</a>, and <a class="Xr">xl(4)</a> devices are supported,
-    with others in the works. The modifications are rather straightforward,
-    consisting in the extraction of the inner part of the interrupt service
-    routine and writing a callback function,
-    <a class="permalink" href="#*_poll"><code class="Fn" id="*_poll">*_poll</code></a>(),
-    which is invoked to probe the device for events and process them. (See the
-    conditionally compiled sections of the devices mentioned above for more
-    details.)</p>
-<p class="Pp">As in the worst case the devices are only polled on clock
-    interrupts, in order to reduce the latency in processing packets, it is not
-    advisable to decrease the frequency of the clock below 1000 Hz.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="permalink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">Device polling first appeared in <span class="Ux">FreeBSD
-    4.6</span> and <span class="Ux">FreeBSD 5.0</span>.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="AUTHORS"><a class="permalink" href="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">Device polling was written by <span class="An">Luigi Rizzo</span>
-    &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:luigi@iet.unipi.it">luigi@iet.unipi.it</a>&gt;.</p>
-</section>
-</div>
-<table class="foot">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="foot-date">December 26, 2020</td>
-    <td class="foot-os">FreeBSD 15.0</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>