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authorJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-25 19:55:43 -0400
committerJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-25 19:55:43 -0400
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+<table class="head">
+ <tr>
+ <td class="head-ltitle">CC_CUBIC(4)</td>
+ <td class="head-vol">Device Drivers Manual</td>
+ <td class="head-rtitle">CC_CUBIC(4)</td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+<div class="manual-text">
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">cc_cubic</code> &#x2014; <span class="Nd">CUBIC
+ Congestion Control Algorithm</span></p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The CUBIC congestion control algorithm was designed to provide
+ increased throughput in fast and long-distance networks. The CUBIC
+ congestion control algorithm is the default for TCP. It attempts to maintain
+ fairness when competing with legacy NewReno TCP in lower speed scenarios
+ where NewReno is able to operate adequately.</p>
+<p class="Pp">The congestion window is increased as a function of the time
+ elapsed since the last congestion event. During regular operation, the
+ window increase function follows a cubic function, with the inflection point
+ set to be the congestion window value reached at the last congestion event.
+ CUBIC also calculates an estimate of the congestion window that NewReno
+ would have achieved at a given time after a congestion event. When updating
+ the congestion window, the algorithm will choose the larger of the
+ calculated CUBIC and estimated NewReno windows.</p>
+<p class="Pp">CUBIC also backs off less on congestion by changing the
+ multiplicative decrease factor from 1/2 (used by standard NewReno TCP) to
+ 4/5.</p>
+<p class="Pp">The implementation was done in a clean-room fashion, and is based
+ on the Internet Draft and paper referenced in the
+ <a class="Sx" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE ALSO</a> section below.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="MIB_Variables"><a class="permalink" href="#MIB_Variables">MIB
+ Variables</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">There are currently no tunable MIB variables.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
+ ALSO</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr">cc_cdg(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">cc_chd(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">cc_dctcp(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">cc_hd(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">cc_htcp(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">cc_newreno(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">cc_vegas(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">mod_cc(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">tcp(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">mod_cc(9)</a></p>
+<p class="Pp"><cite class="Rs"><span class="RsA">Sangtae Ha</span>,
+ <span class="RsA">Injong Rhee</span>, and <span class="RsA">Lisong
+ Xu</span>, <span class="RsT">CUBIC for Fast Long-Distance Networks</span>,
+ <a class="RsU" href="https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-rhee-tcpm-cubic-02.txt">https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-rhee-tcpm-cubic-02.txt</a>.</cite></p>
+<p class="Pp"><cite class="Rs"><span class="RsA">Sangtae Ha</span>,
+ <span class="RsA">Injong Rhee</span>, and <span class="RsA">Lisong
+ Xu</span>, <span class="RsT">CUBIC: a new TCP-friendly high-speed TCP
+ variant</span>, <i class="RsJ">SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev.</i>,
+ <span class="RsN">5</span>, <span class="RsV">42</span>,
+ <span class="RsP">64-74</span>, <span class="RsD">July
+ 2008</span>.</cite></p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS"><a class="permalink" href="#ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">Development and testing of this software were made possible in
+ part by grants from the FreeBSD Foundation and Cisco University Research
+ Program Fund at Community Foundation Silicon Valley.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="permalink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">cc_cubic</code> congestion control module
+ first appeared in <span class="Ux">FreeBSD 9.0</span>.</p>
+<p class="Pp">This became the default congestion algorithm for FreeBSD in
+ version <span class="Ux">FreeBSD 14.0</span>, replacing
+ <a class="Xr">cc_newreno(4)</a>.</p>
+<p class="Pp">The module was first released in 2009 by Lawrence Stewart whilst
+ studying at Swinburne University of Technology's Centre for Advanced
+ Internet Architectures, Melbourne, Australia. More details are available
+ at:</p>
+<p class="Pp">http://caia.swin.edu.au/urp/newtcp/</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="AUTHORS"><a class="permalink" href="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">cc_cubic</code> congestion control module and
+ this manual page were written by <span class="An">Lawrence Stewart</span>
+ &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:lstewart@FreeBSD.org">lstewart@FreeBSD.org</a>&gt;
+ and <span class="An">David Hayes</span>
+ &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:david.hayes@ieee.org">david.hayes@ieee.org</a>&gt;.</p>
+</section>
+</div>
+<table class="foot">
+ <tr>
+ <td class="foot-date">February 4, 2023</td>
+ <td class="foot-os">FreeBSD 15.0</td>
+ </tr>
+</table>