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+.\"	$NetBSD: vis.3,v 1.50 2022/12/04 11:25:08 uwe Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"     @(#)vis.3	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/9/93
+.\"
+.Dd April 22, 2017
+.Dt VIS 3
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm vis ,
+.Nm nvis ,
+.Nm strvis ,
+.Nm stravis ,
+.Nm strnvis ,
+.Nm strvisx ,
+.Nm strnvisx ,
+.Nm strenvisx ,
+.Nm svis ,
+.Nm snvis ,
+.Nm strsvis ,
+.Nm strsnvis ,
+.Nm strsvisx ,
+.Nm strsnvisx ,
+.Nm strsenvisx
+.Nd visually encode characters
+.Sh LIBRARY
+.Lb libc
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.In vis.h
+.Ft char *
+.Fn vis "char *dst" "int c" "int flag" "int nextc"
+.Ft char *
+.Fn nvis "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "int c" "int flag" "int nextc"
+.Ft int
+.Fn strvis "char *dst" "const char *src" "int flag"
+.Ft int
+.Fn stravis "char **dst" "const char *src" "int flag"
+.Ft int
+.Fn strnvis "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "const char *src" "int flag"
+.Ft int
+.Fn strvisx "char *dst" "const char *src" "size_t len" "int flag"
+.Ft int
+.Fn strnvisx "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "const char *src" "size_t len" "int flag"
+.Ft int
+.Fn strenvisx "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "const char *src" "size_t len" "int flag" "int *cerr_ptr"
+.Ft char *
+.Fn svis "char *dst" "int c" "int flag" "int nextc" "const char *extra"
+.Ft char *
+.Fn snvis "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "int c" "int flag" "int nextc" "const char *extra"
+.Ft int
+.Fn strsvis "char *dst" "const char *src" "int flag" "const char *extra"
+.Ft int
+.Fn strsnvis "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "const char *src" "int flag" "const char *extra"
+.Ft int
+.Fn strsvisx "char *dst" "const char *src" "size_t len" "int flag" "const char *extra"
+.Ft int
+.Fn strsnvisx "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "const char *src" "size_t len" "int flag" "const char *extra"
+.Ft int
+.Fn strsenvisx "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "const char *src" "size_t len" "int flag" "const char *extra" "int *cerr_ptr"
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Fn vis
+function
+copies into
+.Fa dst
+a string which represents the character
+.Fa c .
+If
+.Fa c
+needs no encoding, it is copied in unaltered.
+The string is null terminated, and a pointer to the end of the string is
+returned.
+The maximum length of any encoding is four
+bytes (not including the trailing
+.Dv NUL ) ;
+thus, when
+encoding a set of characters into a buffer, the size of the buffer should
+be four times the number of bytes encoded, plus one for the trailing
+.Dv NUL .
+The flag parameter is used for altering the default range of
+characters considered for encoding and for altering the visual
+representation.
+The additional character,
+.Fa nextc ,
+is only used when selecting the
+.Dv VIS_CSTYLE
+encoding format (explained below).
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn strvis ,
+.Fn stravis ,
+.Fn strnvis ,
+.Fn strvisx ,
+and
+.Fn strnvisx
+functions copy into
+.Fa dst
+a visual representation of
+the string
+.Fa src .
+The
+.Fn strvis
+and
+.Fn strnvis
+functions encode characters from
+.Fa src
+up to the
+first
+.Dv NUL .
+The
+.Fn strvisx
+and
+.Fn strnvisx
+functions encode exactly
+.Fa len
+characters from
+.Fa src
+(this
+is useful for encoding a block of data that may contain
+.Dv NUL Ns 's ) .
+Both forms
+.Dv NUL
+terminate
+.Fa dst .
+The size of
+.Fa dst
+must be four times the number
+of bytes encoded from
+.Fa src
+(plus one for the
+.Dv NUL ) .
+Both
+forms return the number of characters in
+.Fa dst
+(not including the trailing
+.Dv NUL ) .
+The
+.Fn stravis
+function allocates space dynamically to hold the string.
+The
+.Dq Nm n
+versions of the functions also take an additional argument
+.Fa dlen
+that indicates the length of the
+.Fa dst
+buffer.
+If
+.Fa dlen
+is not large enough to fit the converted string then the
+.Fn strnvis
+and
+.Fn strnvisx
+functions return \-1 and set
+.Va errno
+to
+.Er ENOSPC .
+The
+.Fn strenvisx
+function takes an additional argument,
+.Fa cerr_ptr ,
+that is used to pass in and out a multibyte conversion error flag.
+This is useful when processing single characters at a time when
+it is possible that the locale may be set to something other
+than the locale of the characters in the input data.
+.Pp
+The functions
+.Fn svis ,
+.Fn snvis ,
+.Fn strsvis ,
+.Fn strsnvis ,
+.Fn strsvisx ,
+.Fn strsnvisx ,
+and
+.Fn strsenvisx
+correspond to
+.Fn vis ,
+.Fn nvis ,
+.Fn strvis ,
+.Fn strnvis ,
+.Fn strvisx ,
+.Fn strnvisx ,
+and
+.Fn strenvisx
+but have an additional argument
+.Fa extra ,
+pointing to a
+.Dv NUL
+terminated list of characters.
+These characters will be copied encoded or backslash-escaped into
+.Fa dst .
+These functions are useful e.g. to remove the special meaning
+of certain characters to shells.
+.Pp
+The encoding is a unique, invertible representation composed entirely of
+graphic characters; it can be decoded back into the original form using
+the
+.Xr unvis 3 ,
+.Xr strunvis 3
+or
+.Xr strnunvis 3
+functions.
+.Pp
+There are two parameters that can be controlled: the range of
+characters that are encoded (applies only to
+.Fn vis ,
+.Fn nvis ,
+.Fn strvis ,
+.Fn strnvis ,
+.Fn strvisx ,
+and
+.Fn strnvisx ) ,
+and the type of representation used.
+By default, all non-graphic characters,
+except space, tab, and newline are encoded (see
+.Xr isgraph 3 ) .
+The following flags
+alter this:
+.Bl -tag -width VIS_WHITEX
+.It Dv VIS_DQ
+Also encode double quotes
+.It Dv VIS_GLOB
+Also encode the magic characters
+.Ql ( * ,
+.Ql \&? ,
+.Ql \&[ ,
+and
+.Ql # )
+recognized by
+.Xr glob 3 .
+.It Dv VIS_SHELL
+Also encode the meta characters used by shells (in addition to the glob
+characters):
+.Ql ( ' ,
+.Ql ` ,
+.Ql \&" ,
+.Ql \&; ,
+.Ql & ,
+.Ql < ,
+.Ql > ,
+.Ql \&( ,
+.Ql \&) ,
+.Ql \&| ,
+.Ql \&] ,
+.Ql \e ,
+.Ql $ ,
+.Ql \&! ,
+.Ql \&^ ,
+and
+.Ql ~ ) .
+.It Dv VIS_SP
+Also encode space.
+.It Dv VIS_TAB
+Also encode tab.
+.It Dv VIS_NL
+Also encode newline.
+.It Dv VIS_WHITE
+Synonym for
+.Dv VIS_SP | VIS_TAB | VIS_NL .
+.It Dv VIS_META
+Synonym for
+.Dv VIS_WHITE | VIS_GLOB | VIS_SHELL .
+.It Dv VIS_SAFE
+Only encode
+.Dq unsafe
+characters.
+Unsafe means control characters which may cause common terminals to perform
+unexpected functions.
+Currently this form allows space, tab, newline, backspace, bell, and
+return \(em in addition to all graphic characters \(em unencoded.
+.El
+.Pp
+(The above flags have no effect for
+.Fn svis ,
+.Fn snvis ,
+.Fn strsvis ,
+.Fn strsnvis ,
+.Fn strsvisx ,
+and
+.Fn strsnvisx .
+When using these functions, place all graphic characters to be
+encoded in an array pointed to by
+.Fa extra .
+In general, the backslash character should be included in this array, see the
+warning on the use of the
+.Dv VIS_NOSLASH
+flag below).
+.Pp
+There are six forms of encoding.
+All forms use the backslash character
+.Ql \e
+to introduce a special
+sequence; two backslashes are used to represent a real backslash,
+except
+.Dv VIS_HTTPSTYLE
+that uses
+.Ql % ,
+or
+.Dv VIS_MIMESTYLE
+that uses
+.Ql = .
+These are the visual formats:
+.Bl -tag -width VIS_CSTYLE
+.It (default)
+Use an
+.Ql M
+to represent meta characters (characters with the 8th
+bit set), and use caret
+.Ql ^
+to represent control characters (see
+.Xr iscntrl 3 ) .
+The following formats are used:
+.Bl -tag -width xxxxx
+.It Dv \e^C
+Represents the control character
+.Ql C .
+Spans characters
+.Ql \e000
+through
+.Ql \e037 ,
+and
+.Ql \e177
+(as
+.Ql \e^? ) .
+.It Dv \eM-C
+Represents character
+.Ql C
+with the 8th bit set.
+Spans characters
+.Ql \e241
+through
+.Ql \e376 .
+.It Dv \eM^C
+Represents control character
+.Ql C
+with the 8th bit set.
+Spans characters
+.Ql \e200
+through
+.Ql \e237 ,
+and
+.Ql \e377
+(as
+.Ql \eM^? ) .
+.It Dv \e040
+Represents
+.Tn ASCII
+space.
+.It Dv \e240
+Represents Meta-space.
+.El
+.It Dv VIS_CSTYLE
+Use C-style backslash sequences to represent standard non-printable
+characters.
+The following sequences are used to represent the indicated characters:
+.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
+.Li \ea Tn  \(em BEL No (007)
+.Li \eb Tn  \(em BS No (010)
+.Li \ef Tn  \(em NP No (014)
+.Li \en Tn  \(em NL No (012)
+.Li \er Tn  \(em CR No (015)
+.Li \es Tn  \(em SP No (040)
+.Li \et Tn  \(em HT No (011)
+.Li \ev Tn  \(em VT No (013)
+.Li \e0 Tn  \(em NUL No (000)
+.Ed
+.Pp
+When using this format, the
+.Fa nextc
+parameter is looked at to determine if a
+.Dv NUL
+character can be encoded as
+.Ql \e0
+instead of
+.Ql \e000 .
+If
+.Fa nextc
+is an octal digit, the latter representation is used to
+avoid ambiguity.
+.Pp
+Non-printable characters without C-style
+backslash sequences use the default representation.
+.It Dv VIS_OCTAL
+Use a three digit octal sequence.
+The form is
+.Ql \eddd
+where
+.Em d
+represents an octal digit.
+.It Dv VIS_CSTYLE \&| Dv VIS_OCTAL
+Same as
+.Dv VIS_CSTYLE
+except that non-printable characters without C-style
+backslash sequences use a three digit octal sequence.
+.It Dv VIS_HTTPSTYLE
+Use URI encoding as described in RFC 1738.
+The form is
+.Ql %xx
+where
+.Em x
+represents a lower case hexadecimal digit.
+.It Dv VIS_MIMESTYLE
+Use MIME Quoted-Printable encoding as described in RFC 2045, only don't
+break lines and don't handle CRLF.
+The form is
+.Ql =XX
+where
+.Em X
+represents an upper case hexadecimal digit.
+.El
+.Pp
+There is one additional flag,
+.Dv VIS_NOSLASH ,
+which inhibits the
+doubling of backslashes and the backslash before the default
+format (that is, control characters are represented by
+.Ql ^C
+and
+meta characters as
+.Ql M-C ) .
+With this flag set, the encoding is
+ambiguous and non-invertible.
+.Sh MULTIBYTE CHARACTER SUPPORT
+These functions support multibyte character input.
+The encoding conversion is influenced by the setting of the
+.Ev LC_CTYPE
+environment variable which defines the set of characters
+that can be copied without encoding.
+.Pp
+If
+.Dv VIS_NOLOCALE
+is set, processing is done assuming the C locale and overriding
+any other environment settings.
+.Pp
+When 8-bit data is present in the input,
+.Ev LC_CTYPE
+must be set to the correct locale or to the C locale.
+If the locales of the data and the conversion are mismatched,
+multibyte character recognition may fail and encoding will be performed
+byte-by-byte instead.
+.Pp
+As noted above,
+.Fa dst
+must be four times the number of bytes processed from
+.Fa src .
+But note that each multibyte character can be up to
+.Dv MB_LEN_MAX
+bytes
+.\" (see
+.\" .Xr multibyte 3 )
+so in terms of multibyte characters,
+.Fa dst
+must be four times
+.Dv MB_LEN_MAX
+times the number of characters processed from
+.Fa src .
+.Sh ENVIRONMENT
+.Bl -tag -width ".Ev LC_CTYPE"
+.It Ev LC_CTYPE
+Specify the locale of the input data.
+Set to C if the input data locale is unknown.
+.El
+.Sh ERRORS
+The functions
+.Fn nvis
+and
+.Fn snvis
+will return
+.Dv NULL
+and the functions
+.Fn strnvis ,
+.Fn strnvisx ,
+.Fn strsnvis ,
+and
+.Fn strsnvisx ,
+will return \-1 when the
+.Fa dlen
+destination buffer size is not enough to perform the conversion while
+setting
+.Va errno
+to:
+.Bl -tag -width ".Bq Er ENOSPC"
+.It Bq Er ENOSPC
+The destination buffer size is not large enough to perform the conversion.
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr unvis 1 ,
+.Xr vis 1 ,
+.Xr glob 3 ,
+.\" .Xr multibyte 3 ,
+.Xr unvis 3
+.Rs
+.%A T. Berners-Lee
+.%T Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
+.%O "RFC 1738"
+.Re
+.Rs
+.%T "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies"
+.%O "RFC 2045"
+.Re
+.Sh HISTORY
+The
+.Fn vis ,
+.Fn strvis ,
+and
+.Fn strvisx
+functions first appeared in
+.Bx 4.4 .
+The
+.Fn svis ,
+.Fn strsvis ,
+and
+.Fn strsvisx
+functions appeared in
+.Nx 1.5
+and
+.Fx 9.2 .
+The buffer size limited versions of the functions
+.Po Fn nvis ,
+.Fn strnvis ,
+.Fn strnvisx ,
+.Fn snvis ,
+.Fn strsnvis ,
+and
+.Fn strsnvisx Pc
+appeared in
+.Nx 6.0
+and
+.Fx 9.2 .
+Multibyte character support was added in
+.Nx 7.0
+and
+.Fx 9.2 .