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authorJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-25 19:59:05 -0400
committerJacob McDonnell <jacob@jacobmcdonnell.com>2026-04-25 19:59:05 -0400
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-<table class="head">
- <tr>
- <td class="head-ltitle">ASSERT(3)</td>
- <td class="head-vol">Library Functions Manual</td>
- <td class="head-rtitle">ASSERT(3)</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-<div class="manual-text">
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">assert</code>,
- <code class="Nm">static_assert</code> &#x2014; <span class="Nd">expression
- verification macro</span></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="permalink" href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="In">#include
- &lt;<a class="In">assert.h</a>&gt;</code></p>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Fn">assert</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">expression</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Fn">static_assert</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">expression</var>);</p>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Fn">static_assert</code>(<var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">expression</var>,
- <var class="Fa" style="white-space: nowrap;">message</var>);</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The
- <a class="permalink" href="#assert"><code class="Fn" id="assert">assert</code></a>()
- macro tests the given <var class="Ar">expression</var> and if it is false,
- the calling process is terminated. A diagnostic message is written to
- <code class="Dv">stderr</code> and the function <a class="Xr">abort(3)</a>
- is called, effectively terminating the program.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="assert~2">If <var class="Ar">expression</var> is true, the
- <a class="permalink" href="#assert~2"><code class="Fn">assert</code></a>()
- macro does nothing.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="assert~3">The
- <a class="permalink" href="#assert~3"><code class="Fn">assert</code></a>()
- macro may be removed at compile time by defining
- <code class="Dv">NDEBUG</code> as a macro (e.g., by using the
- <a class="Xr">cc(1)</a> option
- <code class="Fl">-D</code><code class="Dv">NDEBUG</code>). Unlike most other
- include files, <code class="In">&lt;<a class="In">assert.h</a>&gt;</code>
- may be included multiple times. Each time whether or not
- <code class="Dv">NDEBUG</code> is defined determines the behavior of assert
- from that point forward until the end of the unit or another include of
- <code class="In">&lt;<a class="In">assert.h</a>&gt;</code>.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="assert~4">The
- <a class="permalink" href="#assert~4"><code class="Fn">assert</code></a>()
- macro should only be used for ensuring the developer's expectations hold
- true. It is not appropriate for regular run-time error detection.</p>
-<p class="Pp" id="static_assert">The
- <a class="permalink" href="#static_assert"><code class="Fn">static_assert</code></a>()
- macro expands to
- <a class="permalink" href="#_Static_assert"><code class="Fn" id="_Static_assert">_Static_assert</code></a>(),
- and, contrarily to <code class="Fn">assert</code>(), makes assertions at
- compile-time. Once the constraint is violated, the compiler produces a
- diagnostic message including the string literal message, if provided. The
- initial form of the <code class="Fn">_Static_assert</code>() containing a
- string literal message was introduced in C11 standard, and the other form
- with no string literal is to be implemented by C2x and some compilers may
- lack its adoption at present.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="EXAMPLES"><a class="permalink" href="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The assertion:</p>
-<div class="Bd Bd-indent"><code class="Li">assert(1 == 0);</code></div>
-generates a diagnostic message similar to the following:
-<div class="Bd Bd-indent"><code class="Li">Assertion failed: (1 == 0), function
- main, file main.c, line 100.</code></div>
-<p class="Pp">The following assert tries to assert there was no partial
- read:</p>
-<div class="Bd Bd-indent"><code class="Li">assert(read(fd, buf, nbytes) ==
- nbytes);</code></div>
-However, there are two problems. First, it checks for normal conditions, rather
- than conditions that indicate a bug. Second, the code will disappear if
- <code class="Dv">NDEBUG</code> is defined, changing the semantics of the
- program.
-<p class="Pp">The following asserts that the size of the S structure is 16.
- Otherwise, it produces a diagnostic message which points at the constraint
- and includes the provided string literal:</p>
-<div class="Bd Bd-indent"><code class="Li">static_assert(sizeof(struct S) == 16,
- &quot;size mismatch&quot;);</code></div>
-If none is provided, it only points at the constraint.
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
- ALSO</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr">abort2(2)</a>, <a class="Xr">abort(3)</a></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="STANDARDS"><a class="permalink" href="#STANDARDS">STANDARDS</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Fn">assert</code>() macro conforms to
- <span class="St">ISO/IEC 9899:1999
- (&#x201C;ISO&#x00A0;C99&#x201D;)</span>.</p>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Fn">static_assert</code>() macro conforms to
- <span class="St">ISO/IEC 9899:2011
- (&#x201C;ISO&#x00A0;C11&#x201D;)</span>.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h1 class="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="permalink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h1>
-<p class="Pp">An <code class="Nm">assert</code> macro appeared in
- <span class="Ux">Version&#x00A0;7 AT&amp;T UNIX</span>.</p>
-</section>
-</div>
-<table class="foot">
- <tr>
- <td class="foot-date">April 20, 2021</td>
- <td class="foot-os">FreeBSD 15.0</td>
- </tr>
-</table>