path: root/cmpen472hw6_McDonnell/bin/main.dbg

**************************************************************************
*
* Title:        Memory Monitor
*
* Objective:    CMPEN 472 Homework 6
*
* Revision:     V1.0
*
* Date:         Mar. 1, 2025
*
* Programmer:   Jacob McDonnell
*
* Company:      The Pennsylvania State University
*               Department of Computer Science and Engineering
*
* Algorithm:    Simple Serial I/O, address poking and modifying
*
* Register Use: A & B to current byte, etc,
*               X & Y holds address of strings and length of string,
*               D to hold data and address of the memory location to work on.
*
* Memory Use:   RAM Locations from $3000 for data,
*               RAM Locations from $3100 for program
*
* Input:        Serial Port for User Input
*
* Output:       Serial Port for String Output
*               Memory locations changed if modified by user
*
* Observation:  This program will prompt the user to print the contents of a
*               memory location and to modify the location with hexadecimal or
*               decimal data. If the user wishes, they can type 'QUIT' to exit
*               the memory monitor and enter the type writer program.
*
* Note:         ON CSM-12C128 board,
*
* Comments:     This program is developed and simulated using CodeWarrior
*               development software and targeted for Axion
*               Manufacturing's CSM-12C128 board running at 24MHz.
*
**************************************************************************
* Parameter Declearation Section
*
* Export Symbols
            xdef        pgstart         ; export 'pgstart' symbol
            absentry    pgstart         ; for assembly entry point

* Symbols and Macros
PORTA       equ         $0000           ; i/o port A addresses
DDRA        equ         $0002           ; data direction register for PORTA
PORTB       equ         $0001           ; i/o port B addresses
DDRB        equ         $0003           ; data direction register for PORTB

SCIBDH      equ         $00C8           ; Serial port (SCI) Baud Register H
SCIBDL      equ         $00C9           ; Serial port (SCI) Baud Register L
SCICR2      equ         $00CB           ; Serial port (SCI) Control Register 2
SCISR1      equ         $00CC           ; Serial port (SCI) Status Register 1
SCIDRL      equ         $00CF           ; Serial port (SCI) Data Register

CR          equ         $0d             ; carriage return, ASCII 'Return' key
LF          equ         $0a             ; line feed, ASCII 'next line' character
NULL        equ         $00             ; NULL Terminator character

**************************************************************************
* Data Section: address used [ $3000 to $30FF ] RAM Memory
*
            org         $3000           ; Reserved RAM memory starting address
                                        ;   for Data for CMPEN 472 class
TESTER      dc.w        $0005           ; Memory location to test showing data
                                        ;   and writing data.

buffer      ds.b        $0010           ; Array of 16 bytes to read a string
            dc.b        NULL            ; NULL terminated
lenBuf      dc.w        $0010           ; Length of buffer array

buffer2     ds.b        $0010           ; Array of 16 bytes for reading and reversal
            dc.b        NULL            ; NULL terminated
lenBuf2     dc.w        $0010           ; length of buffer2

*
* There is a section Data Section at the end of the file
**************************************************************************
* Program Section: address used [ $3100 to $3FFF ] RAM Memory
*
            org         $3100           ; Program start address, in RAM
pgstart     lds         #$3100          ; initialize the stack pointer

            ldaa        #%11110001      ; LED 1,2,3,4 at PORTB bit 4,5,6,7
            staa        DDRB            ; set PORTB bit 4,5,6,7 as output

            ldaa        #$0C            ; Enable SCI port Tx and Rx units
            staa        SCICR2          ; disable SCI interrupts

            ldd         #$0001          ; Set SCI Baud Register = $0001 => 1.5M baud at 24MHz (for simulation)
            std         SCIBDH          ; SCI port baud rate change
            
            ldx         #msg            ; Load the address of the welcome message into X
            jsr         WriteString     ; Write the string to the serial console

mainLoop
            ldx         #buffer         ; Load the address of the buffer into X
            ldy         lenBuf          ; Load the length of the buffer into Y
            jsr         Zeros           ; Fill the buffer with zeros

            ldaa        #'>'            ; Load '>' into A
            jsr         putchar         ; Jump to putchar to write to console
            ldaa        #' '            ; Load space character into A
            jsr         putchar         ; Jump to putchar to write to console

            ldx         #buffer         ; Load the address of the buffer into X
            ldy         lenBuf          ; Load the length of the buffer into Y
            jsr         ReadString      ; Read a line from the serial console

            ldx         #buffer         ; Load the address of the buffer into X
            jsr         CheckInput      ; Jump to CheckInput to parse the user input
            bra         mainLoop        ; Loop back to mainLoop always
TypeWriter  ldx         #twMsg          ; Load Type Writer welcome message address
            jsr         WriteString     ; Jump to WriteString to write message to serial
twReadLoop  jsr         getchar         ; Read Character from Serial
            beq         twReadLoop      ; While Character == 0, branch to twReadLoop
            jsr         putchar         ; Write Character back to terminal
            staa        PORTB           ; Write Character to PORTB
            bra         twReadLoop      ; Branch always to twReadLoop

**************************************************************************
* Subroutine Section: address used [ $3100 to $3FFF ] RAM Memory
*

;*************************************************************************
; CheckInput subroutine
;
; This subroutine will check the input string and match the option.
;
; Input:                   Address of null terminated string in X.
; Output:                  No Output, Control flow changed to proper subroutine.
; Registers in use:        X for the address of the string, A & B to read characters from
;                          from the string.
; Memory locations in use: Memory Address for serial line, address of the string
;
; Comments: This subroutine will not return a value, it will jump to the proper subroutine
;           based on the input given. If "QUIT" is the command, this subroutine will jump
;           to TypeWriter which will not return and needs to be restarted to exit.
;

CheckInput
            pshx                        ; Save X to the stack
            pshd                        ; Save D to the stack
            ldaa        1,x+            ; Read Character from the string in X
            cmpa        #'W'            ; Compare Character to 'W'
            beq         cWrite          ; If A == 'W', branch to cWrite
            cmpa        #'Q'            ; Compare A to 'Q'
            beq         cTypeWrite      ; If A == 'Q', branch to cTypeWrite
            cmpa        #'S'            ; Compare A to 'S'
            bne         cUnknownCMD     ; If A != 'S', Command unknown
            ldaa        0,x             ; Load next character but don't increment
            cmpa        #'$'            ; Compare A to '$'
            bne         cUnknownCMD     ; If A != '$', branch to unknown command
            jsr         ReadHex         ; ReadHex to Read the memory Address
            beq         cBadAddr        ; If Z == 1, branch to cBadAddr
            exg         Y,X             ; Exchange Y for X
            pshx                        ; Save X to the stack
            ldx         #buffer         ; Load address of buffer into X
            ldy         lenBuf          ; Loadd length of the buffer into Y
            jsr         Zeros           ; Fill buffer with Zeros
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            bra         cDone           ; branch always to cDone
cWrite      ldaa        0,x             ; Load next character but don't increment
            cmpa        #'$'            ; Compare A to '$'
            bne         cUnknownCMD     ; If A != '$', branch to unknown command
            jsr         ReadHex         ; ReadHex to Read the memory Address
            beq         cBadAddr        ; If Z == 1, branch to cBadAddr
            exg         Y,D             ; Exchange Y and D
            pshd                        ; Save D to the stack
skipSpaces  ldaa        1,x+            ; Load next character into A
            beq         cBadData        ; If A == 0, branch to bad Data (no data given)
            cmpa        #' '            ; Compare A to space character
            beq         skipSpaces      ; While A == ' ', loop to skip spaces
            cmpa        #'$'            ; Compare A to '$'
            beq         cHexData        ; If A == '$', branch to cHexData
            dex                         ; Decrement X by 1
            jsr         ReadDecimal     ; Jump to ReadDecimal
            beq         cBadData        ; If Z == 1, branch to cBadData
            bra         cWriteData      ; Branch always to cWriteData
cHexData    dex                         ; Decrement X by 1
            jsr         ReadHex         ; Jump to ReadHex to read hex data
            beq         cBadData        ; If Z == 1, branch to cBadData
cWriteData  puld                        ; Restore D from the stack
            exg         D,X             ; Exchange D and X
            sty         x               ; Write data in Y to memory in X
cDone       jsr         PrintMem        ; Jump to PrintMem to print the contents of the location
            puld                        ; Restore D from the stack
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller
cBadAddr    ldx         #badAddr        ; Load the address of badAddr into X
            jsr         WriteString     ; Write badAddr to serial console
            puld                        ; Restore D from the stack
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller
cBadData    ldx         #badData        ; Load the address of badData into X
            jsr         WriteString     ; Write badData to serial console
            puld                        ; Restore D from the stack
            puld                        ; Restore D from the stack
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller
cUnknownCMD ldx         #badCom         ; Load the address of badCom into X
            jsr         WriteString     ; Write badCom to the serial console
            puld                        ; Restore D from the stack
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller
cTypeWrite  ldaa        1,x+            ; Load next character from X
            cmpa        #'U'            ; Compare A to 'U'
            bne         cUnknownCMD     ; If A != 'U', branch to unknown command
            ldaa        1,x+            ; Load next character from X
            cmpa        #'I'            ; Compare A to 'I'
            bne         cUnknownCMD     ; If A != 'I', branch to unknown command
            ldaa        1,x+            ; Load next character from X
            cmpa        #'T'            ; Compare A to 'T'
            bne         cUnknownCMD     ; If A != 'T', branch to unknown command
            ldaa        1,x+            ; Load next character from X
            bne         cUnknownCMD     ; If A != 0, branch to unknown command
            jmp         TypeWriter      ; Jump to TypeWriter

;*************************************************************************
; ReadHex subroutine
;
; This subroutine will read an ASCII string of a number in hex and convert it to
; its value.
;
; Input:                   A memory address in register X.
; Output:                  The value of the hex number in the Y register, and any errors printed
;                          to the serial line. Zero bit is set if error occurs.
; Registers in use:        X for the address of the contents and for a buffer while printing,
;                          D for multiplication, B for the character, Y for output value.
; Memory locations in use: Memory Address for serial line, address of the string
;
; Comments: This subroutine will return the value in the Y register, and if an error occurs,
;           the Zero bit in the CCR will be set.
;

ReadHex
            pshd                        ; Save D to the stack
            ldy         #0              ; Clear Y register
            ldab        1,x+            ; Read character from X into B, add 1 to X
            cmpb        #'$'            ; Compare B to '$'
            bne         rHError         ; If B != '$', jump to error, not hex data
rHLoop      ldab        1,x+            ; Read Next character from X
            beq         rHDone          ; If B == 0, exit loop
            cmpb        #' '            ; Compare B to space character
            beq         rHDone          ; If B == ' ', exit loop
            cmpb        #'0'            ; Compare B to '0' character
            blt         rHError         ; If B < '0', bad address, exit loop
            cmpb        #'9'            ; Compare B to '9' character
            bhi         rHAlpha         ; If B > '9', check if 'A'-'F' characters
            subb        #'0'            ; Subtract '0' from B to get true value
            pshb                        ; Save B to the stack
            ldd         #16             ; load 16 into D
            emul                        ; Multiply Y and D
            exg         d,y             ; Transfer data from D to Y
            pulb                        ; Restore b from the stack
            aby                         ; Add B to Y
            bra         rHLoop          ; Branch always to rHLoop
rHAlpha     cmpb        #'A'            ; Compare B to 'A' character
            blt         rHError         ; If B < 'A', bad address, exit loop
            cmpb        #'F'            ; Compare B to 'F' character
            bhi         rHError         ; If B > 'F', invalid data, error out
            subb        #'A'            ; Subtract 'A' from B to get true value
            addb        #$A             ; Add $A to B to account for offet
            pshb                        ; Save B to the stack
            ldd         #16             ; load 16 into D
            emul                        ; Multiply Y and D
            exg         d,y             ; Transfer data from D to Y
            pulb                        ; Restore b from the stack
            aby                         ; Add B to Y
            bra         rHLoop          ; Branch always to rHLoop
rHDone      clra                        ; clear A accumulator
            tap                         ; Transfer A into CCR to clear zero bit
            puld                        ; Restore D from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller
rHError     ldaa        #4              ; Load 4 into A to set zero bit in CCR
            tap                         ; Transfer A into CCR to set zero bit and warn error
            puld                        ; Restore D from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller

;*************************************************************************
; ReadDecimal subroutine
;
; This subroutine will read an ASCII string of a number in decimal and convert it to
; its value.
;
; Input:                   A memory address in register X.
; Output:                  The value of the number in the Y register, and any errors printed
;                          to the serial line. Zero bit is set if error occurs.
; Registers in use:        X for the address of the contents and for a buffer while printing,
;                          D for multiplication, B for the character, Y for output value.
; Memory locations in use: Memory Address for serial line, address of the string
;
; Comments: This subroutine will return the value in the Y register, and if an error occurs,
;           the Zero bit in the CCR will be set.
;

ReadDecimal
            pshd                        ; Save D to the stack
            ldy         #0              ; Clear Y register
dHLoop      ldab        1,x+            ; Read Next character from X
            beq         dHDone          ; If B == 0, exit loop
            cmpb        #' '            ; Compare B to space character
            beq         dHDone          ; If B == ' ', exit loop
            cmpb        #'0'            ; Compare B to '0' character
            blt         dHError         ; If B < '0', bad address, exit loop
            cmpb        #'9'            ; Compare B to '9' character
            bhi         dHError         ; If B > '9', check if 'A'-'F' characters
            subb        #'0'            ; Subtract '0' from B to get true value
            pshb                        ; Save B to the stack
            ldd         #10             ; load 10 into D
            emul                        ; Multiply Y and D
            exg         d,y             ; Transfer data from D to Y
            pulb                        ; Restore b from the stack
            aby                         ; Add B to Y
            bra         dHLoop          ; Branch always to rHLoop
dHDone      clra                        ; clear A accumulator
            tap                         ; Transfer A into CCR to clear zero bit
            puld                        ; Restore D from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller
dHError     ldaa        #4              ; Load 4 into A to set zero bit in CCR
            tap                         ; Transfer A into CCR to set zero bit and warn error
            puld                        ; Restore D from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller

;*************************************************************************
; PrintMem subroutine
;
; This subroutine will print the address and contents of the given memory location.
;
; Input:                   A memory address in register X.
; Output:                  The memory address in Hex and the contents in binary, hex, & decimal
;                          on the serial output.
; Registers in use:        X for the address of the contents and for a buffer while printing,
;                          D for the contents of the location, Y for another buffer address while
;                          reversing strings and printing.
; Memory locations in use: Memory Address for serial line, address of the string
;
; Comments: This subroutine requires the serial console to be setup before calling.
;

PrintMem
            pshy                        ; Save Y to the Stack
            pshd                        ; Save D to the Stack
            exg         x,d             ; Copy Address from X to D to print
            ldy         #buffer         ; Load the address of buffer into Y
            jsr         PrintHexWord    ; Print the Address in Hex
            exg         d,x             ; Copy Address from D to X
            ldaa        #'='            ; Load the '=' character into A
            jsr         putchar         ; Print the character to the serial
            ldaa        #'>'            ; Load the  '>' character into A
            jsr         putchar         ; Print the character to the serial
            ldd         x               ; Load data from address in X into D
            ldx         #buffer         ; Load the address of the buffer into X
            ldy         lenBuf          ; Load the length of the buffer into Y
            jsr         Zeros           ; Fill the buffer with Zeros
            jsr         PrintBinaryWord ; Print the binary word to the serial
            psha                        ; Save A to the stack
            ldaa        #' '            ; Load Space character into A
            jsr         putchar         ; Print Space character to the serial
            jsr         putchar         ; Print Space character to the serial
            pula                        ; Restore A from the stack
            ldy         #buffer         ; Load the address of the buffer into Y
            jsr         PrintHexWord    ; Prin the hex representation of the word to serial
            psha                        ; Save A to the stack
            ldaa        #' '            ; Load Space character into A
            jsr         putchar         ; Print Space character to the serial
            jsr         putchar         ; Print Space character to the serial
            pula                        ; Restore A from the stack
            ldx         #buffer         ; Load the address of the buffer into X
            ldy         lenBuf          ; Load the length of the buffer into Y
            jsr         Zeros           ; Fill the buffer with Zeros
            ldy         #buffer         ; Load the address of the buffer into Y
            jsr         PrintDecimalWord; Prin the decimal representation of the word to serial
            ldaa        #CR             ; Load the carriage return character into A
            jsr         putchar         ; Print the character to serial
            ldaa        #LF             ; Load the line feed character into A
            jsr         putchar         ; Print the character to serial
            puld                        ; Restore D from the stack
            puly                        ; Restore Y from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller

;*************************************************************************
; strrev subroutine
;
; This subroutine will reverse a string from one buffer into another.
;
; Input:                   Address of null terminated string in X, address of a large enough
;                          buffer in Y.
; Output:                  The string in X reversed in Y.
; Registers in use:        X for the address of the string, Y for the address of the buffer,
;                          A to read characters from the string.
; Memory locations in use: Memory Address for serial line, address of the string & buffer
;
; Comments: This subroutine will not check that the output buffer is large enough, that
;           is the job of the caller.
;

strrev
            pshx                        ; Save X to the stack
            pshy                        ; Save Y to the stack
            psha                        ; Save A to the stack
revLoop     ldaa        1,y-            ; Load Character from Y into A, decrement Y
            beq         revDone         ; If Character is 0, exit loop
            staa        1,x+            ; Save character in address in X, increment X
            bra         revLoop         ; Loop back always
            clra                        ; Set A to Zero
revDone     staa        1,x+            ; Copy Null terminator into new string
            pula                        ; Restore A from the stack
            puly                        ; Restore Y from the stack
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller

;*************************************************************************
; PrintBinaryWord subroutine
;
; This subroutine will print a given word of data to the serial in binary.
;
; Input:                   1 word of data in register D
; Output:                  Binary representation of the data on the serial console
; Registers in use:        X to count the number of bits written, D for the input, A for characters,
;                          B for the byte being written.
; Memory locations in use: Memory addresses for serial.
;
; Comments: This subroutine requires serial to be setup and putchar subroutine.
;

PrintBinaryWord
            pshx                        ; Save X to the stack
            pshd                        ; Save D (A:B) to the stack
            pshb                        ; Save B to the stack (we want these bits again later)
            tab                         ; Transfer A to B to get upper byte
            ldaa        #'%'            ; Load '%' into A
            jsr         putchar         ; Print '%' to serial to denote binary number
            ldx         #16             ; Load 16 into X, since we're printing 16 bits
bPrintLoop  rolb                        ; Rotate MSB of B into C of CCR
            tpa                         ; Copy CCR into A
            anda        #1              ; and A with 1 to get only LSB
            adda        #'0'            ; Add '0' to A to get ASCII Character
            jsr         putchar         ; Print Character A to serial
            dbeq        X,bPrintDone    ; Decrement X and if X == 0, branch to done
            cpx         #8              ; Compare X to 8 to check if done with upper byte
            bne         bPrintLoop      ; If X != 8, loop to bPrintLoop
            pulb                        ; Restore B from stack to get lower byte
            bra         bPrintLoop      ; Branch back into loop to print lower byte
bPrintDone  puld                        ; Restore D (A:B) from the stack
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller

;*************************************************************************
; PrintHexWord subroutine
;
; This subroutine will print a given word of data to the serial in binary.
;
; Input:                   1 word of data in register D, Buffer Address in Y
; Output:                  Hexadecimal representation of the data on the serial console
; Registers in use:        Y for the address of the buffer, X to count the number of bits
;                          written and for division, D for the input, A for characters.
; Memory locations in use: Memory addresses for serial.
;
; Comments: This subroutine requires serial to be setup and putchar subroutine.
;

PrintHexWord
            pshx                        ; Save X to the stack
            pshd                        ; Save D (A:B) to the stack
            pshy                        ; Save Y to the stack
            cpd         #0              ; Compare D to zero
            beq         hIsZero         ; Branch to hIsZero
            psha                        ; Save A to the stack
            pshy                        ; Save Y to the stack
            pshx                        ; Save x to the stack
            ldaa        #'0'            ; Load the '0' character into A
            ldx         #buffer2        ; Load the address of buffer2 into X
            ldy         #5              ; Load 5 into Y
            jsr         memset          ; Write '0' to the first 5 bytes in buffer2
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            puly                        ; Restore Y from the stack
            clra                        ; Set A to zero
            staa        0,y             ; Load Zero into Y for Null Terminator
            pula                        ; Restore A from the stack
hPrintLoop  ldx         #16             ; Load 16 in X for division
            idiv                        ; Divide D / 16 to get Hex Digit
            cpx         #0              ; Compare X to 0
            beq         hCheck          ; If X == 0, branch to check D is zero
hDNotZero   cmpb        #$0A            ; Compare A to $0A
            blt         hex10           ; If B < $A, branch to hex10
            addb        #'A'            ; Add 'A' to B to get ASCII Character
            subb        #$0A            ; Subtract $A to adjust characters
            stab        1,+y            ; Save character from B to Y
            exg         X,D             ; Swap values in X and D
            bra         hPrintLoop      ; loop to hPrintLoop
hex10       addb        #'0'            ; Add '0' to B to get ASCII Character
            stab        1,+y            ; Save character from B to Y
            exg         X,D             ; Swap values in X and D
            bra         hPrintLoop      ; Loop to hPrintLoop
hCheck      cpd         #0              ; Compare D to 0
            bne         hDNotZero       ; If D != 0, branch back to hDNotZero
hPrintDone  ldaa        #'$'            ; Load '$' into
            staa        1,+y            ; Save '$' into buffer in Y to denote Hex
            ldx         #buffer2        ; Load the address of buffer2 in X
            jsr         strrev          ; Reverse string in Y in buffer in X
            jsr         WriteString     ; Jump to write string to write the number
            ldy         lenBuf2         ; Load the length of buffer2 into Y
            ldx         #buffer2        ; Load the address of buffer2 into X
            jsr         Zeros           ; Fill buffer2 with zeros
            puly                        ; Restore Y from the stack
            puld                        ; Restore D (A:B) from the stack
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller
hIsZero     ldaa        #'$'            ; Load '$' character into A
            jsr         putchar         ; Print character to the screen
            ldaa        #'0'            ; Load '0' character into A
            jsr         putchar         ; Print character to the screen
            puly                        ; Restore Y from the stack
            puld                        ; Restore D (A:B) from the stack
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller

;*************************************************************************
; PrintDecimalWord subroutine
;
; This subroutine will print a given word of data to the serial in binary.
;
; Input:                   1 word of data in register D, Buffer Address in Y
; Output:                  Decimal representation of the data on the serial console
; Registers in use:        Y for the address of the buffer, X to count the number of bits
;                          written and for division, D for the input, A for characters.
; Memory locations in use: Memory addresses for serial.
;
; Comments: This subroutine requires serial to be setup and putchar subroutine.
;

PrintDecimalWord
            pshx                        ; Save X to the stack
            pshd                        ; Save D (A:B) to the stack
            pshy                        ; Save Y to the stack
            cpd         #0              ; Compare D to zero
            beq         dIsZero         ; Branch to hIsZero
            psha                        ; Save A to the stack
            pshy                        ; Save Y to the stack
            pshx                        ; Save x to the stack
            ldaa        #'0'            ; Load the '0' character into A
            ldx         #buffer2        ; Load the address of buffer2 into X
            ldy         #5              ; Load 5 into Y
            jsr         memset          ; Write '0' to the first 5 bytes in buffer2
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            puly                        ; Restore Y from the stack
            clra                        ; Set A to zero
            staa        0,y             ; Load Zero into Y for Null Terminator
            pula                        ; Restore A from the stack
dPrintLoop  ldx         #10             ; Load 10 in X for division
            idiv                        ; Divide D / 10 to get Hex Digit
            cpx         #0              ; Compare X to 0
            beq         dCheck          ; If X == 0, branch to check D is zero
dDNotZero   addb        #'0'            ; Add '0' to B to get ASCII Character
            stab        1,+y            ; Save character from B to Y
            exg         X,D             ; Swap values in X and D
            bra         dPrintLoop      ; Loop to hPrintLoop
dCheck      cpd         #0              ; Compare D to 0
            bne         dDNotZero       ; If D != 0, branch back to hDNotZero
dPrintDone  ldx         #buffer2        ; Load the address of buffer2 in X
            jsr         strrev          ; Reverse string in Y in buffer in X
            jsr         WriteString     ; Jump to write string to write the number
            ldy         lenBuf2         ; Load the length of buffer2 into Y
            ldx         #buffer2        ; Load the address of buffer2 into X
            jsr         Zeros           ; Fill buffer2 with zeros
            puly                        ; Restore Y from the stack
            puld                        ; Restore D (A:B) from the stack
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller
dIsZero     ldaa        #'0'            ; Load '0' character into A
            jsr         putchar         ; Print character to the screen
            puly                        ; Restore Y from the stack
            puld                        ; Restore D (A:B) from the stack
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller

;*************************************************************************
; Zeros subroutine
;
; This subroutine will write zeros to every byte in a given array.
;
; Input:                   Address of an array in X and its length in Y
; Output:                  Zeros in every byte of an array.
; Registers in use:        X for the address of the array, Y for the length, and A for 0
; Memory locations in use: Memory Address of the array
;
; Comments: This subroutine requires serial to be setup and putchar subroutine.
;

Zeros
            psha                        ; Save A to the Stack
            clra                        ; Clear A
zerosLoop   staa        1,x+            ; Load A into byte at X
            dbne        y,zerosLoop     ; Decrement Y and loop if Y != 0
            pula                        ; Restore A from the stack
            rts                         ; Return to caller

;*************************************************************************
; memset subroutine
;
; This subroutine will write a given byte to every byte in a given array.
;
; Input:                   Address of an array in X and its length in Y, the byte in A
; Output:                  The given byte in every byte of an array.
; Registers in use:        X for the address of the array, Y for the length, and A for the given byte
; Memory locations in use: Memory Address of the array
;
; Comments: This subroutine requires serial to be setup and putchar subroutine.
;

memset
            staa        1,x+            ; Load A into byte at X
            dbne        y,memset         ; Decrement Y and loop if Y != 0
            rts                         ; Return to caller

;*************************************************************************
; WriteString subroutine
;
; This subroutine will write a given null terminated string to the serial.
;
; Input:                   Address of null terminated string in X
; Output:                  Null terminated string written to serial
; Registers in use:        X for the address of the string and A for the current byte
; Memory locations in use: Memory Address for serial line, address of the string
;
; Comments: This subroutine requires serial to be setup and putchar subroutine.
;

WriteString
            psha                        ; Save A to the stack
writeLoop   ldaa       1,x+             ; Load the byte at addr in X, then add 1
            beq        doneWrite        ; if A == 0, branch to doneWrite
            jsr        putchar          ; Jump to putchar to write byte to serial
            bra        writeLoop        ; branch always to writeLoop
doneWrite   pula                        ; restore A from the stack
            rts                         ; return to caller

;*************************************************************************
; ReadString subroutine
;
; This subroutine will read a string from the serial line to a given address.
;
; Input:                   Address of an array in X
; Output:                  Null terminated string in the given array
; Registers in use:        X for the address of the string Y for the length of the string,
;                          and A for the current byte
; Memory locations in use: Memory Address for serial line, address of the string
;
; Comments: This subroutine requires serial to be setup and getchar subroutine.
;

ReadString
            psha                        ; Save accumulator A to the stack
            pshy                        ; Save Y to the stack
            pshx                        ; Save X to the stack
readLoop    jsr        getchar          ; Jump to putchar to write byte to serial
            beq        readLoop         ; While A == 0, loop
            cmpa       #CR              ; If A == CR, exit loop
            beq        doneRead         ; Branch to doneRead if A == CR
            staa       1,x+             ; Save the byte to the addr in X, then add 1
            jsr        putchar          ; Write Character back to the terminal
            dey                         ; Decrement Y by 1
            beq        doneRead         ; If Y == 0, no more room, stop reading
            bra        readLoop         ; branch always to readLoop
doneRead    ldaa       #LF              ; Load Line Feed into A
            jsr        putchar          ; Write LF to terminal
            pulx                        ; Restore X from the stack
            pulY                        ; Restore Y from the stack
            pula                        ; restore A from the stack
            rts                         ; return to caller

;*************************************************************************
; putchar subroutine
;
; This subroutine writes a single byte to a serial line
;
; Input:                   A single ASCII byte in accumulator A
; Output:                  Sends one character to SCI port
; Registers in use:        Accumulator A with input byte
; Memory locations in use: SCISR1 and SCIDRL status and data registers
;

putchar     brclr       SCISR1,#%10000000,putchar   ; wait for transmit buffer empty
            staa        SCIDRL                      ; send a character
            rts                                     ; Return to caller

;*************************************************************************
; putchar subroutine
;
; This subroutine reads one byte from the SCI port
;
; Input:                   One byte from the SCI port
; Output:                  One byte in accumulator A
; Registers in use:        Accumulator A for output byte
; Memory locations in use: SCISR1 and SCIDRL status and data registers
;

getchar     brclr       SCISR1,#%00100000,getchar7  ; If no input on SCI port, return 0
            ldaa        SCIDRL                      ; Read one byte from SCI port into A
            rts                                     ; Return to caller
getchar7    clra                                    ; Set A to 0
            rts                                     ; Return to caller

*
**************************************************************************
* Data Section 2: address used [ $3100 to $3FFF ] RAM Memory
*

badAddr     dc.b        'invalid input, address',CR,LF,NULL ; Error message for bad address

badData     dc.b        'invalid input, data',CR,LF,NULL    ; Error message for bad data

badCom      dc.b        'invalid input, command',CR,LF,NULL ; Error message for bad command

; twMsg: welcome message when type writer loads
twMsg       dc.b        'Welcome to Type Writer, you may type below.',CR,LF
            dc.b        'Restart to enter main menu again.',CR,LF,NULL


; msg: this is the main option menu string
msg         dc.b        'S:      Show the contents of memory location in word',CR,LF
            dc.b        'W:      Write the data word (not byte) to memory location',CR,LF
            dc.b        'QUIT:   Quit the main program, run Type writer program.',CR,LF,NULL