.TH EXEC 2
.CT 2 proc_man
.SH NAME
execl, execv, execle, execve, execlp, execvp, exect, environ \(mi execute a file
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B int "execl(name, arg0, arg1, ..., argn, (char *)0)"
.B char *name, *arg0, *arg1, ..., *argn;
.PP
.B int execv(name, argv)
.B char *name, *argv[];
.PP
.B "int execle(name, arg0, arg1, ..., argn, (char *)0, envp)"
.B "char *name, *arg0, *arg1, ..., *argn, *envp[];"
.PP
.B int execve(name, argv, envp)
.B char *name, *argv[], *envp[];
.PP
.B int "execlp(name, arg0, arg1, ..., argn, (char *)0)"
.B char *name, *arg0, *arg1, ..., *argn;
.PP
.B int execvp(name, argv)
.B char *name, *argv[];
.PP
.B int exect(name, argv, envp)
.B char *name, *argv[], *envp[];
.PP
.B extern char **environ;
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Exec
in all its forms
overlays the calling process with the named file, then
transfers to the
entry point of the image of the file.
There can be no return from a successful
.IR exec ;
the calling image is lost.
.PP
Files remain open across
.I exec
unless explicit arrangement has been made;
see
.IR ioctl (2).
Signals that are caught (see
.IR signal (2))
are reset
to their default values.
Other signals' behavior is unchanged.
.PP
Each user has a
.I real
userid and groupid and an
.I effective
userid and groupid.
The real userid (groupid)
identifies the person using the system;
the effective userid (groupid)
determines access privileges.
.I Exec
changes the effective userid and groupid to
the owner of the executed file if the file has the set-userid
or set-groupid modes.
The real userid is not affected.
.PP
The security label (see
.IR getflab (2))
of the process is set as follows.
If any arguments or environment parameters are present,
or if and file descriptor numbers greater than 3 are in use,
the lattice value of the process label
is ascribed to them, otherwise lattice bottom.
This value is ORed with the lattice value of
the executed file to obtain the new lattice value for the process.
If the new lattice value does not dominate the old,รย
the permission mask (see
.IR umask (2))
is set to 022.
.PP
Process licenses persist.
In the simplest case, the process obtains from the
file the capabilities
for which the process has licenses; see
.IR getplab (2).
The detailed computation for process capabilities is: 
Nominal capabilities are determined
by ANDing the file capabilities with the 
capabilities in the file system ceiling (see
.IR mount (2))
and then ORing with built-in minima.
Nominal licenses are determined by ANDing the file licenses 
with the licenses in the file system
ceiling and with built-in maxima.
Process capabilities are set by ORing the
process licenses with the nominal licenses, then ANDing
with the nominal capabilities.
.PP
The builtin minimum file capabilities are all 0.
The builtin maximum file licenses for
.B T_SETPRIV
and
.B T_LOG
are 0; the rest are 1.
.B 
.PP
The
.I name
argument
is a pointer to the name of the file
to be executed.
If the first two bytes of that file are the ASCII
characters
.LR #! ,
then the first line of the file is taken to be ASCII and
determines the name of the program to execute.
The first nonblank string following
.L #!
in that line is substituted for
.I name.
Any second string, separated from the first by blanks or tabs,
is inserted between
the first two arguments (arguments 0 and 1) passed to the invoked file.
.PP
The argument pointers
.I arg0, arg1, ...
or the pointers in
.I argv
address null-terminated strings.
Conventionally argument 0
is the name of the
file.
.PP
.I Execl
is useful when a known file with known arguments is
being called;
the arguments to
.I execl
are the character strings
constituting the file and the arguments.
.PP
.I Execv
is useful when the number of arguments is unknown
in advance;
the arguments to
.I execv
are the name of the file to be
executed and a vector of strings containing
the arguments.
The last argument string must be followed
by a 0
pointer.
.PP
When a C program is executed,
it is called as follows:
.IP
.EX
main(argc, argv, envp)
int argc;
char **argv, **envp;
.EE
.PP
where
.IR argc ""
is the argument count
and
.IR argv ""
is an array of character pointers
to the arguments themselves.
Conventionally
.I argc
is at least 1
and 
.B argv[0]
points to
the name of the file.
.PP
.I Argv
is directly usable in another
.I execv
because
.BR argv[argc]==0 .
.PP
.I Envp
is a pointer to an array of strings that constitute
the
.I environment
of the process.
Each string conventionally consists of a name, an
.LR = ,
and a null-terminated value;
or a name, a pair of parentheses
.LR (),
a value bracketed by
.L {
and
.LR } ,
and a null character.
The array of pointers is terminated by a null pointer.
The shell
.IR sh (1)
passes an environment entry for each global shell variable
defined when the program is called.
See
.IR environ (5)
for some conventionally
used names.
.PP
The C run-time start-off routine places a copy of
.I envp
in the global cell
.I environ,
which is used
by
.I execv
and
.I execl
to pass the environment to any subprograms executed by the
current program.
The
.I exec
routines use lower-level routines as follows
to pass an environment explicitly:
.IP
.nf
\fLexecve(file, argv, environ);
execle(file, arg0, arg1, . . . , argn, (char *)0, environ);\fP
.fi
.PP
.I Execlp
and
.I execvp
are called with the same arguments as
.I execl
and
.I execv,
but duplicate the shell's actions in searching for an executable
file in a list of directories given in the
.B PATH
environment variable.
.PP
.I Exect
is the same as
.I execve,
except it arranges for a stop to occur on the first instruction
of the new core image for the benefit of tracers, see
.IR proc (4).
.SH FILES
.TF /bin/sh
.TP
.F /bin/sh
shell, invoked if command file found
by
.I execlp
or
.I execvp
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR fork (2), 
.IR environ (5)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
.BR E2BIG ,
.BR EACCES ,
.BR EFAULT ,
.BR EIO ,
.BR ELAB ,
.BR ELOOP ,
.BR ENOENT ,
.BR ENOEXEC ,
.BR ENOMEM ,
.BR ENOTDIR ,
.BR ENXIO ,
.BR EROFS ,
.BR ETXTBSY
.SH BUGS
If
.I execvp
is called to execute a file that turns out to be a shell
command file,
and if it is impossible to execute the shell,
some of the values in
.I argv
may be modified before return.
.br
The path search of
.I execlp
and
.I execvp
does not extend to names substituted by
.LR #! .