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+.TH ICHECK 8
+.CT 1 sa_nonmortals
+.SH NAME
+icheck, dcheck, ncheck \- file system consistency check
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B /etc/icheck
+[
+option ... ]
+.I filesystem ...
+.PP
+.B /etc/dcheck
+[
+option ... ]
+.I filesystem ...
+.PP
+.B /etc/ncheck
+[
+option ... ]
+.I filesystem ...
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+These programs perform
+consistency checks on file systems.
+For normal file system maintenance, see
+.IR fsck (8).
+Common options are
+.TP
+.B -B
+The file system is bitmapped.
+If
+.I filesystem 
+is a special file, this option is set automatically from
+the minor device number.
+.TP
+.BI -i " number ...
+Report only on specified inode
+.I numbers
+.RI ( dcheck
+and
+.I ncheck
+only).
+.PP
+.I Icheck
+examines each
+.I filesystem,
+builds a list of used blocks,
+and compares this list against
+the free list maintained on the file system.
+The normal output of
+.I icheck
+includes a report of
+.IP ""
+The total number of files and the numbers of
+regular, directory, block special and character special files.
+.IP ""
+The total number of blocks in use and the numbers of
+single-, double-, and triple-indirect blocks and directory blocks.
+.IP ""
+The number of free blocks.
+.IP ""
+The number of blocks missing;
+.I i.e.\&
+not in any file
+nor in the free list.
+.PP
+Other 
+.I icheck
+options are
+.TP
+.B -s
+Ignore the free list and reconstruct a new one
+by rewriting the super-block of the file system.
+The file system should be dismounted while this is done;
+if this is not possible (for example if
+the root file system has to be salvaged)
+care should be taken that the system is quiescent.
+The words in the super-block
+which indicate the size of the free list and of the
+i-list are believed.
+If the super-block has been curdled
+these words will have to be patched.
+The normal output reports are suppressed.
+.TP
+.BI -b " number ...
+Report each appearance of the selected block
+.I numbers
+in a file or on the free list.
+.TP
+.B -d
+Report each duplicate block.
+.TP
+.B -m
+Report each missing block.
+.TP
+.B -e
+Print at most one diagnostic per file;
+useful for badly curdled file systems.
+.PP
+.I Dcheck
+reads the directories in each
+.I filesystem
+and compares
+the link count in each inode with the number of directory
+entries by which it is referenced.
+.PP
+.I Ncheck
+generates a list of pathname vs i-number for each named
+.I filesystem.
+Other
+.I ncheck
+options are
+.TP
+.B -a
+Report
+.L .
+and
+.LR .. ,
+which are normally ignored.
+.TP
+.B -s
+Report only special files, and files with
+set-userid or set-groupid mode;
+helpful in finding security breaches.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR filsys (5),
+.IR chuck (8),
+.IR fsck (8),
+.IR clri (8)
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+For duplicate blocks
+and bad blocks (which lie outside the file system)
+.I icheck
+announces the difficulty, the i-number, and the kind of block involved.
+If a read error is encountered,
+the block number of the bad block is printed and
+.I icheck
+considers it to contain 0.
+`Bad freeblock' means that
+a block number outside the available space was encountered in the free list.
+`Dups in free'
+means that
+blocks were found in the free list which
+duplicate blocks either in some file or in the
+earlier part of the free list.
+.PP
+When a file turns up for which the link-count and the number
+of directory entries disagree,
+.I dcheck
+reports the relevant facts.
+Allocated files which have 0 link-count and no entries are also
+listed.
+The only dangerous situation
+occurs when there are more entries than links;
+if entries are removed,
+so the link-count drops to 0,
+the remaining entries point to thin air.
+They should be removed.
+When there are more links than entries, or there is
+an allocated file with neither links nor entries,
+some disk space may be lost but the situation will not degenerate.
+.PP
+When the filesystem structure is improper,
+.I ncheck
+prints
+.L ??
+to denote the `parent' of
+a parentless file.
+A pathname beginning with
+.L ...
+denotes a loop.
+.SH BUGS
+Extraneous diagnostics
+may be produced if these commands are applied to
+active file systems.
+.br
+They believe even preposterous super-blocks and
+consequently can get core images.
+.br
+.I Ncheck's
+report is in no useful
+order, and probably should be sorted.
+.I Ncheck
+fails to report the root inode.