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diff --git a/static/netbsd/man0/title.cdrom b/static/netbsd/man0/title.cdrom new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a4485d17 --- /dev/null +++ b/static/netbsd/man0/title.cdrom @@ -0,0 +1,1260 @@ +.\" $NetBSD: title.cdrom,v 1.8 2023/05/04 11:30:25 uwe Exp $ +.\" +.\" Copyright (c) 1994 Regents of the University of California. +.\" All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)title.cdrom 8.3 (Berkeley) 8/8/94 +.\" +.nr LL 6.5i +.EH '''' +.OH '''' +.EF '''' +.OF '''' +\& +.sp |1.5i +.nr PS 36 +.nr VS 39 +.LP +.ft B +.ce 2 +4.4BSD-Lite +CD-ROM Companion +.bp +\& +.sp |0.83i +.nr PS 14 +.nr VS 16.5 +.LP +Now in its twentieth year, the USENIX Association, +the UNIX and Advanced Computing Systems professional and technical organization, +is a not-for-profit membership association of individuals and +institutions with an interest in UNIX and UNIX-like systems, +and, by extension, C++, X windows, and other advanced tools and technologies. +.LP +USENIX and its members are dedicated to: +.IP \(bu +fostering innovation and communicating research and technological developments, +.IP \(bu +sharing ideas and experience relevant to UNIX, +UNIX-related, and advanced computing systems, and +.IP \(bu +providing a neutral forum for the exercise of critical +thought and airing of technical issues. +.LP +USENIX publishes a journal (\fBComputing Systems\fP), +a newsletter (\fI;login:\fP), +Proceedings from its frequent Conferences and Symposia, +and a Book Series. +.LP +SAGE, The Systems Administrators Guild, a Special Technical Group with +the USENIX Association, is dedicated to the advancement of system +administration as a profession. +.LP +SAGE brings together systems managers and administrators to: +.IP \(bu +propagate knowledge of good professional practice, +.IP \(bu +recruit talented individuals to the profession, +.IP \(bu +recognize individuals who attain professional excellence, +.IP \(bu +foster technical development and share solutions to technical +problems, and +.IP \(bu +communicate in an organized voice with users, management, and vendors +on system administration topics. +.bp +\& +.sp |1i +.nr PS 36 +.nr VS 39 +.LP +.ft B +.ce 3 +4.4BSD-Lite +CD-ROM Companion +.sp 1.5i +.nr PS 24 +.nr VS 26 +.LP +.ft B +.ce 1 +Berkeley Software Distribution +.nr PS 18 +.nr VS 26 +.LP +.ft B +.ce 1 +April, 1994 +.sp 1i +.nr PS 18 +.nr VS 20 +.LP +.ft B +.ce 2 +Computer Systems Research Group +University of California at Berkeley +.sp 2.75i +.nr PS 12 +.nr VS 14.5 +.LP +.ft B +.ce 4 +A USENIX Association Book +O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. +103 Morris Street, Suite A +Sebastopol, CA 94572 +.bp +.hy 0 +.nr PS 9 +.nr VS 11 +.LP +First Printing, 1994 +.br +Second Printing, 1995 +.sp 1 +.LP +Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1993, 1994 +The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.sp 1 +.LP +Redistribution and use of this manual and its accompanying CD-ROM +in source and binary forms, +with or without modification, are permitted provided that the +following conditions are met: +.IP 1) +Redistributions of this manual must retain the copyright +notices on this page, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.IP 2) +Software or documentation that incorporates part of this manual must +reproduce the copyright notices on this page, this list of conditions and +the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials +provided with the distribution. +.IP 3) +All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +must display the following acknowledgement: +``This product includes software developed by the University of +California, Berkeley and its contributors.'' +.IP 4) +Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +without specific prior written permission. +.LP +\fB\s-1THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +SUCH DAMAGE.\s+1\fP +.sp 1.5 +.LP +The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American +National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems have +given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. +.sp 1 +.LP +In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions +of the system documentation. +.LP +``Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in +electronic form in 4.4BSD from IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, IEEE +Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments +(POSIX), copyright 1988 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics +Engineers, Inc. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions +and the original IEEE Standard, the original IEEE Standard is the referee +document.'' +.sp 1 +.LP +In the following statement, the phrase ``This material'' refers to portions +of the system documentation. +.LP +``This material is reproduced with permission from American National +Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems. Computer and +Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 311 First St., NW, +Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001-2178. The developmental work of +Programming Language C was completed by the X3J11 Technical Committee.'' +.sp 1.5 +.LP +The views and conclusions contained in this manual are those of the +authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, +either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California. +.sp 1.5 +.LP +The 4.4BSD Daemon used on the cover is +copyright 1994 by Marshall Kirk McKusick +and is reproduced with permission. +.br +This book was printed and bound in the United States of America. +.br +Distributed by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. +.sp 1 +.IP "[recycle logo]" 16 +This book is printed on acid-free paper with 50% recycled content, +10-13% post-consumer waste. O'Reilly & Associates is committed to +using paper with the highest recycled content available consistent +with high quality. +.sp 1 +.LP +ISBN: 1-56592-081-3 (Domestic) +.LP +ISBN: 1-56592-092-9 (International) +.bp +\& +.sp |1.5i +.nr PS 24 +.nr VS 26 +.LP +.ce 1 +\fBContents\fP +.sp 1 +.nr PS 14 +.nr VS 17 +.LP +.TS +expand; +l r. +The Computer Systems Research Group, 1979\-1993 7 +Overview 11 +CD-ROM Source Hierarchy 15 +Introduction 21 +List of Manual Pages 23 +Permuted Index 41 +.TE +.if o .bp +\& +.bp +.\" +.\" The contributor list below is derived from the file that resides in +.\" vangogh:~admin/contrib/contrib: +.\" +.\" @(#)contrib 5.55 (Berkeley) 4/18/94 +.\" +.\" This file should not be editted, rather the original contrib file +.\" should be used to recrete this one following the directions at its top. +.\" Contrib starts here and continues to the comment `END OF CONTRIB'. +.\" +\& +.sp |1i +.ps 24 +.vs 27 +.ce 2 +\fBThe Computer Systems Research Group +1979 \- 1993\fP +.sp 1.5 +.nr PS 11 +.nr VS 12 +.LP +.nf +.in +0.5i +\fBCSRG Technical Staff\fP +.sp 1 +.in +1i +Jim Bloom +Keith Bostic +Ralph Campbell +Kevin Dunlap +William N. Joy +Michael J. Karels +Samuel J. Leffler +Marshall Kirk McKusick +Miriam Amos Nihart +Keith Sklower +Marc Teitelbaum +Michael Toy +.in -1i +.sp 3 +\fBCSRG Administration and Support\fP +.sp 1 +.in +1i +Robert Fabry +Domenico Ferrari +Susan L. Graham +Bob Henry +Anne Hughes +Bob Kridle +David Mosher +Pauline Schwartz +Mark Seiden +Jean Wood +.in -1i +.fi +.sp 3 +\fBOrganizations that funded the CSRG with grants, +gifts, personnel, and/or hardware.\fP +.sp 1 +.nf +.in +1i +Center for Advanced Aviation System Development, The MITRE Corp. +Compaq Computer Corporation +Cray Research Inc. +Department of Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) +Digital Equipment Corporation +The Hewlett-Packard Company +NASA Ames Research Center +The National Science Foundation +The Open Software Foundation +UUNET Technologies Inc. +.in -1.5i +.fi +.OH '\s10CSRG, 1979 \- 1993''- % -\s0' +.EH '\s10- % -''CSRG, 1979 \- 1993\s0' +.bp +.nr PS 10 +.nr VS 11 +.LP +\fBThe following are people and organizations that provided a +large subsystem for the BSD releases.\fP +.sp +.TS +l l. +ANSI C library Chris Torek +ANSI C prototypes Donn Seeley and John Kohl +Autoconfiguration Robert Elz +C library documentation American National Standards Committee X3 +CCI 6/32 support Computer Consoles Inc. +DEC 3000/5000 support Ralph Campbell +Disklabels Symmetric Computer Systems +Documentation Cynthia Livingston and The USENIX Association +Franz Lisp Richard Fateman, John Foderaro, Keith Sklower, Kevin Layer +GCC, GDB The Free Software Foundation +Groff James Clark (The FSF) +HP300 support Jeff Forys, Mike Hibler, Jay Lepreau, Donn Seeley and the Systems + Programming Group; University of Utah Computer Science Department +ISODE Marshall Rose +Ingres Mike Stonebraker, Gene Wong, and the Berkeley Ingres Research Group +Intel 386/486 support Bill Jolitz and TeleMuse +Job control Jim Kulp +Kerberos Project Athena and MIT +Kernel support Bill Shannon and Sun Microsystems Inc. +LFS Margo Seltzer, Mendel Rosenblum, Carl Staelin +MIPS support Trent Hein +Math library K.C. Ng, Zhishun Alex Liu, S. McDonald, P. Tang and W. Kahan +NFS Rick Macklem +NFS automounter Jan-Simon Pendry +Network device drivers Micom-Interlan and Excelan +Omron Luna support Akito Fujita and Shigeto Mochida +Quotas Robert Elz +RPC support Sun Microsystems Inc. +Shared library support Rob Gingell and Sun Microsystems Inc. +Sony News 3400 support Kazumasa Utashiro +Sparc I/II support Computer Systems Engineering Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory +Stackable file systems John Heidemann +Stdio Chris Torek +System documentation The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. +TCP/IP Rob Gurwitz and Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. +Timezone support Arthur David Olson +Transport/Network OSI layers IBM Corporation and the University of Wisconsin +Kernel XNS assistance William Nesheim, J. Q. Johnson, Chris Torek, and James O'Toole +User level XNS Cornell University +VAX 3000 support Mt. Xinu and Tom Ferrin +VAX BI support Chris Torek +VAX device support Digital Equipment Corporation and Helge Skrivervik +Versatec printer/plotter support University of Toronto +Virtual memory implementation Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Michael Wayne Young, + and the Carnegie-Mellon University Mach project +X25 University of British Columbia +.TE +.bp +.LP +\fBThe following are people and organizations that provided a specific +item, program, library routine or program maintenance for the BSD system. +(Their contribution may not be part of the final 4.4BSD release.)\fP +.nr PS 9 +.nr VS 10 +.ps 9 +.vs 10 +.TS +l l. +386 device drivers Carnegie-Mellon University Mach project +386 device drivers Don Ahn, Sean Fagan and Tim Tucker +HCX device drivers Harris Corporation +Kernel enhancements Robert Elz, Peter Ivanov, Ian Johnstone, Piers Lauder, + John Lions, Tim Long, Chris Maltby, Greg Rose and John Wainwright +ISO-9660 filesystem Pace Willisson, Atsushi Murai +.TE +.sp -0.4 +.TS +l l l l. +adventure(6) Don Woods log(3) Peter McIlroy +adventure(6) Jim Gillogly look(1) David Hitz +adventure(6) Will Crowther ls(1) Elan Amir +apply(1) Rob Pike ls(1) Michael Fischbein +apply(1) Jan-Simon Pendry lsearch(3) Roger L. Snyder +ar(1) Hugh A. Smith m4(1) Ozan Yigit +arithmetic(6) Eamonn McManus mail(1) Kurt Shoens +arp(8) Sun Microsystems Inc. make(1) Adam de Boor +at(1) Steve Wall me(7) Eric Allman +atc(6) Ed James mergesort(3) Peter McIlroy +awk(1) Arnold Robbins mh(1) Marshall Rose +awk(1) David Trueman mh(1) The Rand Corporation +backgammon(6) Alan Char mille(6) Ken Arnold +banner(1) Mark Horton mknod(8) Kevin Fall +battlestar(6) David Riggle monop(6) Ken Arnold +bcd(6) Steve Hayman more(1) Eric Shienbrood +bdes(1) Matt Bishop more(1) Mark Nudelman +berknet(1) Eric Schmidt mountd(8) Herb Hasler +bib(1) Dain Samples mprof(1) Ben Zorn +bib(1) Gary M. Levin msgs(1) David Wasley +bib(1) Timothy A. Budd multicast Stephen Deering +bitstring(3) Paul Vixie mv(1) Ken Smith +boggle(6) Barry Brachman named/bind(8) Douglas Terry +bpf(4) Steven McCanne named/bind(8) Kevin Dunlap +btree(3) Mike Olson news(1) Rick Adams (and a cast of thousands) +byte-range locking Scooter Morris nm(1) Hans Huebner +caesar(6) John Eldridge pascal(1) Kirk McKusick +caesar(6) Stan King pascal(1) Peter Kessler +cal(1) Kim Letkeman paste(1) Adam S. Moskowitz +cat(1) Kevin Fall patch(1) Larry Wall +chess(6) Stuart Cracraft (The FSF) pax(1) Keith Muller +ching(6) Guy Harris phantasia(6) C. Robertson +cksum(1) James W. Williams phantasia(6) Edward A. Estes +clri(8) Rich $alz ping(8) Mike Muuss +col(1) Michael Rendell pom(6) Keith E. Brandt +comm(1) Case Larsen pr(1) Keith Muller +compact(1) Colin L. McMaster primes(6) Landon Curt Noll +compress(1) James A. Woods qsort(3) Doug McIlroy +compress(1) Joseph Orost qsort(3) Earl Cohen +compress(1) Spencer Thomas qsort(3) Jon Bentley +courier(1) Eric Cooper quad(3) Chris Torek +cp(1) David Hitz quiz(6) Jim R. Oldroyd +cpio(1) AT&T quiz(6) Keith Gabryelski +crypt(3) Tom Truscott radixsort(3) Dan Bernstein +csh(1) Christos Zoulas radixsort(3) Peter McIlroy +csh(1) Len Shar rain(6) Eric P. Scott +curses(3) Elan Amir ranlib(1) Hugh A. Smith +curses(3) Ken Arnold rcs(1) Walter F. Tichy +cut(1) Adam S. Moskowitz rdist(1) Michael Cooper +cut(1) Marciano Pitargue regex(3) Henry Spencer +dbx(1) Mark Linton robots(6) Ken Arnold +dd(1) Keith Muller rogue(6) Timothy C. Stoehr +dd(1) Lance Visser rs(1) John Kunze +des(1) Jim Gillogly sail(6) David Riggle +des(1) Phil Karn sail(6) Edward Wang +des(1) Richard Outerbridge sccs(1) Eric Allman +dipress(1) Xerox Corporation scsiformat(1) Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory +disklabel(8) Symmetric Computer Systems sdb(1) Howard Katseff +du(1) Chris Newcomb sed(1) Diomidis Spinellis +dungeon(6) R.M. Supnik sendmail(8) Eric Allman +ed(1) Rodney Ruddock setmode(3) Dave Borman +emacs(1) Richard Stallman sh(1) Kenneth Almquist +erf(3) Peter McIlroy, K.C. Ng slattach(8) Rick Adams +error(1) Robert R. Henry slip(8) Rick Adams +ex(1) Mark Horton spms(1) Peter J. Nicklin +factor(6) Landon Curt Noll strtod(3) David M. Gay +file(1) Ian Darwin swab(3) Jeffrey Mogul +find(1) Cimarron Taylor sysconf(3) Sean Eric Fagan +finger(1) Tony Nardo sysline(1) J.K. Foderaro +fish(6) Muffy Barkocy syslog(3) Eric Allman +fmt(1) Kurt Shoens systat(1) Bill Reeves +fnmatch(3) Guido van Rossum systat(1) Robert Elz +fold(1) Kevin Ruddy tail(1) Edward Sze-Tyan Wang +fortune(6) Ken Arnold talk(1) Clem Cole +fpr(1) Robert Corbett talk(1) Kipp Hickman +fsdb(8) Computer Consoles Inc. talk(1) Peter Moore +fsplit(1) Asa Romberger telnet(1) Dave Borman +fsplit(1) Jerry Berkman telnet(1) Paul Borman +gcc/groff integration UUNET Technologies, Inc. termcap(5) John A. Kunze +gcore(1) Eric Cooper termcap(5) Mark Horton +getcap(3) Casey Leedom test(1) Kenneth Almquist +glob(3) Guido van Rossum tetris(6) Chris Torek +gprof(1) Peter Kessler tetris(6) Darren F. Provine +gprof(1) Robert R. Henry timed(8) Riccardo Gusella +hack(6) Andries Brouwer (and a cast of thousands) timed(8) Stefano Zatti +hangman(6) Ken Arnold tn3270(1) Gregory Minshall +hash(3) Margo Seltzer tr(1) Igor Belchinskiy +heapsort(3) Elmer Yglesias traceroute(8) Van Jacobson +heapsort(3) Kevin Lew trek(6) Eric Allman +heapsort(3) Ronnie Kon tset(1) Eric Allman +hunt(6) Conrad Huang tsort(1) Michael Rendell +hunt(6) Greg Couch unifdef(1) Dave Yost +icon(1) Bill Mitchell uniq(1) Case Larsen +icon(1) Ralph Griswold uucpd(8) Rick Adams +indent(1) David Willcox uudecode(1) Mark Horton +indent(1) Eric Schmidt uuencode(1) Mark Horton +indent(1) James Gosling uuq(1) Lou Salkind +indent(1) Sun Microsystems uuq(1) Rick Adams +init(1) Donn Seeley uusnap(8) Randy King +j0(3) Sun Microsystems, Inc. uusnap(8) Rick Adams +j1(3) Sun Microsystems, Inc. vacation(1) Eric Allman +jn(3) Sun Microsystems, Inc. vi(1) Steve Kirkendall +join(1) David Goodenough which(1) Peter Kessler +join(1) Michiro Hikida who(1) Michael Fischbein +join(1) Steve Hayman window(1) Edward Wang +jot(1) John Kunze worm(6) Michael Toy +jove(1) Jonathon Payne worms(6) Eric P. Scott +kermit(1) Columbia University write(1) Craig Leres +kvm(3) Peter Shipley write(1) Jef Poskanzer +kvm(3) Steven McCanne wump(6) Dave Taylor +lam(1) John Kunze X25/Ethernet Univ. of Erlangen-Nuremberg +larn(6) Noah Morgan X25/LLC2 Dirk Husemann +lastcomm(1) Len Edmondson xargs(1) John B. Roll Jr. +lex(1) Vern Paxson xneko(6) Masayuki Koba +libm(3) Peter McIlroy XNSrouted(1) Bill Nesheim +libm(3) UUNET Technologies, Inc. xroach(6) J.T. Anderson +locate(1) James A. Woods yacc(1) Robert Paul Corbett +lock(1) Bob Toxen +.TE +.\" +.\" END OF CONTRIB: Contrib ends here. +.\" +.if o .bp +\& +.EH '''' +.OH '''' +.bp +.OH '\s10Overview''- % -\s0' +.EH '\s10- % -''Overview\s0' +.nr PS 10 +.nr VS 12 +\& +.sp |1.5i +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.LP +.ce +\fB\s24Overview\s0\fP +.sp 3 +.NH 1 +4.4BSD-Lite Description +.PP +This cd-rom contains the source code, +manual pages and other documentation, +and research papers from the first revision of the University of California, +Berkeley's 4.4BSD-Lite distribution. +.PP +The 4.4BSD-Lite software is copyrighted by the +University of California and others, +but may be freely redistributed and used in products without fee, +as long as the due credit, +copyright notice, +and other requirements described in the file /COPYRIGHT are met. +.PP +The distribution includes both software developed at Berkeley and much +software contributed by authors outside Berkeley. +Please see the previous section of this document +for a list of the many contributors to the system. +.PP +The layout of the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution is described +in the \fIhier\fR(7) manual page, which follows. +A table of contents and permuted index for the 4.4BSD-Lite manual pages +follow as well. +.PP +The cd-rom is in ISO-9660 format, +with Rock Ridge Extensions. +For example, to mount on a 4.4BSD-Lite system +on which the CD-ROM drive is connected as SCSI unit 1, +ensure that the directory /cdrom exists, +then enter ``mount -r -t cd9660 /dev/sd1a /cdrom''. +To mount on a Sun, +ensure that the directory /cdrom exists, +then enter ``mount -r -t hsts /dev/sr0 /cdrom''. +.PP +The 4.4BSD-Lite distribution is a source distribution only, +and does not contain program binaries for any architecture. +It is not possible to compile or run this software without a +pre-existing system that is already installed and running. +In addition, +the distribution does not include sources for the complete 4.4BSD system. +It includes source code and manual pages for the C library, +approximately 95% of the utilities distributed in 4.4BSD, +and all but a few files from the kernel. +The system is almost entirely ANSI C and IEEE POSIX 1003.1 and 1003.2 +standards compliant. +.NH 1 +4.4BSD-Lite Features +.PP +The major new facilities available in the 4.4BSD-Lite release are +a new virtual memory system, +the addition of ISO/OSI networking support, +a new virtual filesystem interface supporting filesystem stacking, +a freely redistributable implementation of NFS, +a log-structured filesystem, +enhancement of the local filesystems to support +files and filesystems that are up to $2 sup 63$ bytes in size, +enhanced security and system management support, +and the conversion to and addition of the IEEE Std1003.1 (``POSIX'') +facilities and many of the IEEE Std1003.2 facilities. +In addition, many new utilities and additions have been made to the C-library. +The kernel sources have been reorganized to collect all machine-dependent +files for each architecture under one directory, +and most of the machine-independent code is now free of code +conditional on specific machines. +The user structure and process structure have been reorganized +to eliminate the statically-mapped user structure and to make most +of the process resources shareable by multiple processes. +The system and include files have been converted to be compatible +with ANSI C, including function prototypes for most of the exported +functions. +There are numerous other changes throughout the system. +.NH 1 +Changes in the Kernel +.PP +This release includes several important structural kernel changes. +The kernel uses a new internal system call convention; +the use of global (``u-dot'') variables for parameters and error returns +has been eliminated, +and interrupted system calls no longer abort using non-local goto's (longjmp's). +A new sleep interface separates signal handling from scheduling priority, +returning characteristic errors to abort or restart the current system call. +This sleep call also passes a string describing the process state, +which is used by the ps(1) program. +The old sleep interface can be used only for non-interruptible sleeps. +.PP +Many data structures that were previously statically allocated +are now allocated dynamically. +These structures include mount entries, file entries, +user open file descriptors, the process entries, the vnode table, +the name cache, and the quota structures. +.PP +The 4.4BSD-Lite distribution adds support for several new +architectures including +SPARC-based Sparcstations 1 and 2, +MIPS-based Decstation 3100 and 5000 and Sony NEWS, +68000-based Hewlett-Packard 9000/300 and Omron Luna, and +386-based Personal Computers. +Both the HP300 and SPARC ports feature the ability to run binaries +built for the native operating system (HP-UX or SunOS) by emulating +their system calls. +Though this native operating system compatibility was provided by the +developers as needed for their purposes and is by no means complete, +it is complete enough to run several non-trivial applications including +those that require HP-UX or SunOS shared libraries. +For example, the vendor supplied X11 server and windowing environment +can be used on both the HP300 and SPARC. +.NH 2 +Virtual memory changes +.PP +The new virtual memory implementation is derived from the MACH +operating system developed at Carnegie-Mellon, +and was ported to the BSD kernel at the University of Utah. +The MACH virtual memory system call interface has been replaced with the +``mmap''-based interface described in the +``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.4 Edition)'' +(see the UNIX Programmer's Manual, +Supplementary Documents, PSD:5). +The interface is similar to the interfaces shipped +by several commercial vendors such as Sun, USL, and Convex Computer Corp. +The integration of the new virtual memory is functionally complete, +but, like most MACH-based virtual memory systems, +still has serious performance problems under heavy memory load. +.NH 2 +Networking additions and changes +.PP +The ISO/OSI Networking consists of a kernel implementation of +transport class 4 (TP-4), +connectionless networking protocol (CLNP), +and 802.3-based link-level support (hardware-compatible with Ethernet*). +.\" +.\" ditroff screws up the environment for footnote. This restores it. +.\" +.ev 1 +.ps 8 +.vs 9 +.ev +.\" end of ditroff fix +.FS +*Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation. +.FE +We also include support for ISO Connection-Oriented Network Service, +X.25, and TP-0. +The session and presentation layers are provided outside +the kernel by the ISO development environment (ISODE). +Included in this development environment are file +transfer and management (FTAM), virtual terminals (VT), +a directory services implementation (X.500), and miscellaneous other utilities. +.PP +Several important enhancements have been added to the TCP/IP +protocols including TCP header prediction and +serial line IP (SLIP) with header compression. +The routing implementation has been completely rewritten +to use a hierarchical routing tree with a mask per route +to support the arbitrary levels of routing found in the ISO protocols. +The routing table also stores and caches route characteristics +to speed the adaptation of the throughput and congestion avoidance +algorithms. +.NH 2 +Additions and changes to filesystems +.PP +The 4.4BSD-Lite distribution contains most of the interfaces +specified in the IEEE Std1003.1 system interface standard. +Filesystem additions include IEEE Std1003.1 FIFOs, +byte-range file locking, and saved user and group identifiers. +.PP +A new virtual filesystem interface has been added to the +kernel to support multiple filesystems. +In comparison with other interfaces, +the Berkeley interface has been structured for more efficient support +of filesystems that maintain state (such as the local filesystem). +The interface has been extended with support for stackable +filesystems done at UCLA. +These extensions allow for filesystems to be layered on top of each +other and allow new vnode operations to be added without requiring +changes to existing filesystem implementations. +For example, the umap filesystem +is used to mount a sub-tree of an existing filesystem +that uses a different set of uids and gids than the local system. +Such a filesystem could be mounted from a remote site via NFS or it +could be a filesystem on removable media brought from some foreign +location that uses a different password file. +.PP +In addition to the local ``fast filesystem,'' +we have added an implementation of the network filesystem (NFS) +that fully interoperates with the NFS shipped by Sun and its licensees. +Because our NFS implementation was implemented using only the +publicly available NFS specification, +it does not require a license from Sun to use in source or binary form. +By default it runs over UDP to be compatible with Sun's implementation. +However, it can be configured on a per-mount basis to run over TCP. +Using TCP allows it to be used quickly and efficiently through +gateways and over long-haul networks. +Using an extended protocol, it supports Leases to allow a limited +callback mechanism that greatly reduces the network traffic necessary +to maintain cache consistency between the server and its clients. +.PP +A new log-structured filesystem has been added that provides +near disk-speed output and fast crash recovery. +It is still experimental in the 4.4BSD-Lite release, +so we do not recommend it for production use. +We have also added a memory-based filesystem that runs in +pageable memory, allowing large temporary filesystems without +requiring dedicated physical memory. +.PP +The local ``fast filesystem'' has been enhanced to do +clustering which allows large pieces of files to be +allocated contiguously resulting in near doubling +of filesystem throughput. +The filesystem interface has been extended to allow +files and filesystems to grow to $2 sup 63$ bytes in size. +The quota system has been rewritten to support both +user and group quotas (simultaneously if desired). +Quota expiration is based on time rather than +the previous metric of number of logins over quota. +This change makes quotas more useful on fileservers +onto which users seldom log in. +.PP +The system security has been greatly enhanced by the +addition of additional file flags that permit a file to be +marked as immutable or append only. +Once set, these flags can only be cleared by the super-user +when the system is running single user. +To protect against indiscriminate reading or writing of kernel +memory, all writing and most reading of kernel data structures +must be done using a new ``sysctl'' interface. +The information to be accessed is described through an extensible +``Management Information Base'' (MIB). +.EQ +delim off +.EN +.NH 2 +POSIX terminal driver changes +.PP +The biggest area of change is a new terminal driver. +The terminal driver is similar to the System V terminal driver +with the addition of the necessary extensions to get the +functionality previously available in the 4.3BSD terminal driver. +4.4BSD-Lite also adds the IEEE Std1003.1 job control interface, +which is similar to the 4.3BSD job control interface, +but adds a security model that was missing in the +4.3BSD job control implementation. +A new system call, \fIsetsid\fP, +creates a job-control session consisting of a single process +group with one member, the caller, that becomes a session leader. +Only a session leader may acquire a controlling terminal. +This is done explicitly via a \s-1TIOCSCTTY\s+1 \fIioctl\fP call, +not implicitly by an \fIopen\fP call. +The call fails if the terminal is in use. +.PP +For backward compatibility, +both the old \fIioctl\fP +calls and old options to \fIstty\fP +are emulated. +.NH 1 +Changes to the utilities +.PP +There are several new tools and utilities included in this release. +A new version of ``make'' allows much-simplified makefiles for the +system software and allows compilation for multiple architectures +from the same source tree (which may be mounted read-only). +Notable additions to the libraries include functions to traverse a +filesystem hierarchy, database interfaces to btree and hashing functions, +a new, fast implementation of stdio, and a radix sort function. +The additions to the utility suite include greatly enhanced versions of +programs that display system status information, implementations of +various traditional tools described in the IEEE Std1003.2 standard, +and many others. +.PP +We have been tracking the IEEE Std1003.2 shell and utility work +and have included prototypes of many of the proposed utilities. +Most of the traditional utilities have been replaced +with implementations conformant to the POSIX standards. +Almost the entire manual suite has been rewritten to +reflect the POSIX defined interfaces. +In rewriting this software, we have generally +been rewarded with significant performance improvements. +Most of the libraries and header files have been converted +to be compliant with ANSI C. +The system libraries and utilities all compile +with either ANSI or traditional C. +.PP +The Kerberos (version 4) authentication software has been +integrated into much of the system (including NFS) to provide +the first real network authentication on BSD. +.PP +A new implementation of the \fIex/vi\fP text editors is available +in this release. +It is intended as a bug-for-bug compatible version of the editors. +It also has a few new features: 8-bit clean data, lines and files +limited only by memory and disk space, split screens, tags stacks +and left-right scrolling among them. +\fINex/nvi\fP +is not yet production quality; future versions of this software may +be retrieved by anonymous ftp from ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, in the +directory ucb/4bsd. +.PP +The \fIfind\fP +utility has two new options that are important to be aware of if you +intend to use NFS. +The ``fstype'' and ``prune'' options can be used together to prevent +find from crossing NFS mount points. +.NH 2 +Additions and changes to the libraries +.PP +The \fIcurses\fP +library has been largely rewritten. +Important additional features include support +for scrolling and \fItermios\fP. +.PP +An application front-end editing library, named libedit, has been +added to the system. +.PP +A superset implementation of the SunOS kernel memory interface library, +\fIlibkvm\fP, has been integrated into the system. +.PP +Nearly the entire C-library has been rewritten. +Some highlights of the changes to the 4.4BSD-Lite C-library: +.IP \(bu +The newly added \fIfts\fP +functions will do either physical or logical traversal of +a file hierarchy as well as handle essentially infinite depth +filesystems and filesystems with cycles. +All the utilities in 4.4BSD-Lite that traverse file hierarchies +have been converted to use \fIfts\fP. +The conversion has always resulted in a significant performance +gain, often of four or five to one in system time. +.IP \(bu +The newly added \fIdbopen\fP +functions are intended to be a family of database access methods. +Currently, they consist of \fIhash\fP, +an extensible, dynamic hashing scheme, +\fIbtree\fP, a sorted, balanced tree structure (B+tree's), and +\fIrecno\fP, a flat-file interface for fixed or variable length records +referenced by logical record number. +Each of the access methods stores associated key/data pairs and +uses the same record oriented interface for access. +Future versions of this software may be retrieved by anonymous ftp +from ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, in the directory ucb/4bsd. +.IP \(bu +The \fIqsort\fP +function has been rewritten for additional performance. +In addition, three new types of sorting functions, +\fIheapsort\fP, \fImergesort\fP, and \fIradixsort\fP +have been added to the system. +The \fImergesort\fP +function is optimized for data with pre-existing order, +in which case it usually significantly outperforms \fIqsort\fP. +The \fIradixsort\fP +functions are variants of most-significant-byte radix sorting. +They take time linear to the number of bytes to be +sorted, usually significantly outperforming \fIqsort\fP +on data that can be sorted in this fashion. +An implementation of the POSIX 1003.2 standard \fIsort\fP +based on \fIradixsort\fP is included in 4.4BSD-Lite. +.IP \(bu +The floating point support in the C-library has been replaced +and is now accurate. +.IP \(bu +The C functions specified by both ANSI C, POSIX 1003.1 and +1003.2 are now part of the C-library. +This includes support for file name matching, shell globbing +and both basic and extended regular expressions. +.IP \(bu +ANSI C multibyte and wide-character support has been integrated. +The rune functionality from the Bell Labs' Plan 9 system is provided +as well. +.IP \(bu +The \fItermcap\fP +functions have been generalized and replaced with a general +purpose interface named \fIgetcap\fP. +.IP \(bu +The \fIstdio\fP +routines have been replaced, and are usually much faster. +In addition, the \fIfunopen\fP +interface permits applications to provide their own I/O stream +function support. +.NH 1 +Acknowledgements +.PP +We were greatly assisted by the past employees of the Computer Systems +Research Group: Mike Karels, Keith Sklower, and Marc Tietelbaum. +Our distribution coordinator, Pauline Schwartz, has reliably managed +the finances and the mechanics of shipping distributions for +nearly the entire fourteen years of the group's existence. +Without the help of lawyers Mary MacDonald, Joel Linzner, +and Carla Shapiro, the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution would never +have seen the light of day. +Much help was provided by Chris Demetriou in getting bug fixes +from NetBSD integrated back into the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution. +.PP +The vast majority of the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution comes from the numerous +people in the UNIX community that provided their time and energy in +creating the software contained in this release. +We dedicate this distribution to them. +.sp 0.6 +.in 4i +.nf +M. K. McKusick +K. Bostic +.fi +.in 0 +.if o .bp +\& +.EH '''' +.OH '''' +.bp +7 +.OH '\s10Introduction''- % -\s0' +.EH '\s10- % -''Introduction\s0' +.de IR +\fI\\$1\^\fR\\$2 +.. +.de RI +\fR\\$1\fI\\$2\^\fR\\$3 +.. +.ce +\fB\s24Introduction\s0\fP +.sp 2 +.nr PS 10 +.nr VS 12 +.LP +The documentation for 4.4BSD is in a format similar +to the one used for the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals. +It is divided into three sets; each set consists of one or more volumes. +The abbreviations for the volume names are listed in square brackets; +the abbreviations for the manual sections are listed in parenthesis. +.DS +I. User's Documents + User's Reference Manual [URM] + Commands (1) + Games (6) + Macro packages and language conventions (7) + User's Supplementary Documents [USD] + Getting Started + Basic Utilities + Communicating with the World + Text Editing + Document Preparation + Amusements + +II. Programmer's Documents + Programmer's Reference Manual [PRM] + System calls (2) + Subroutines (3) + Special files (4) + File formats and conventions (5) + Programmer's Supplementary Documents [PSD] + Documents of Historic Interest + Languages in common use + Programming Tools + Programming Libraries + General Reference + +III. System Manager's Manual [SMM] + Maintenance commands (8) + System Installation and Administration +.DE +.LP +References to individual documents are given as ``volume:document'', +thus USD:1 refers to the first document in the ``User's Supplementary +Documents''. +References to manual pages are given as ``\fIname\fP(section)'' thus +.IR sh (1) +refers to the shell manual entry in section 1. +.LP +The manual pages give descriptions of the features of the +4.4BSD system, as developed at the University of California at Berkeley. +They do not attempt to provide perspective or tutorial information about the +4.4BSD operating system, its facilities, or its implementation. +Various documents on those topics are contained in the +``\s-1UNIX\s+1 User's Supplementary Documents'' (USD), the +``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programmer's Supplementary Documents'' (PSD), +and ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 System Manager's Manual'' (SMM). +In particular, for an overview see ``The \s-1UNIX\s+1 Time-Sharing System'' (PSD:1) +by Ritchie and Thompson; for a tutorial see +``\s8\s-1UNIX\s+1\s10 for Beginners'' (USD:1) by Kernighan, +and for an guide to the new features of this latest version, see +``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.4 Edition)'' (PSD:5). +.LP +Within the area it surveys, this volume attempts to be timely, complete +and concise. Where the latter two objectives conflict, +the obvious is often left unsaid in favor of brevity. +It is intended that each program be described as it is, not as it should be. +Inevitably, this means that various sections will soon be out of date. +.LP +Commands are programs intended to be invoked directly by +the user, in contrast to subroutines, that are +intended to be called by the user's programs. +User commands are described in URM section 1. +Commands generally reside in directory +.I /bin +(for +.IR bin \|ary +programs). +Some programs also reside in +.I +/\|usr/\|bin, +.R +to save space in +.I /\|bin. +.R +These directories are searched automatically by the command interpreters. +Additional directories that may be of interest include +.I +/\|usr/\|contrib/\|bin, +.R +which has contributed software +.I +/\|usr/\|old/\|bin, +.R +which has old but sometimes still useful software and +.I +/\|usr/\|local/\|bin, +.R +which contains software local to your site. +.LP +Games have been relegated to URM section 6 and +.I +/\|usr/\|games, +.R +to keep them from contaminating +the more staid information of URM section 1. +.LP +Miscellaneous collection of information necessary for +writing in various specialized languages such as character codes, +macro packages for typesetting, etc is contained in URM section 7. +.LP +System calls are entries into the BSD kernel. +The system call interface is identical to a C language +procedure call; the equivalent C procedures are described in PRM section 2. +.LP +An assortment of subroutines is available; +they are described in PRM section 3. +The primary libraries in which they are kept are described in +.IR intro (3). +The functions are described in terms of C. +.LP +PRM section 4 discusses the characteristics of +each system ``file'' that refers to an I/O device. +The names in this section refer to the HP300 device names for the hardware, +instead of the names of the special files themselves. +.LP +The file formats and conventions (PRM section 5) +documents the structure of particular kinds of files; +for example, the form of the output of the loader and +assembler is given. Excluded are files used by only one command, +for example the assembler's intermediate files. +.LP +Commands and procedures intended for use primarily by the +system administrator are described in SMM section 8. +The files described here are almost all kept in the directory +.I /\|etc. +The system administration binaries reside in +.I +/\|sbin, +.R +and +.I +/\|usr/\|sbin. +.LP +Each section consists of independent entries of a page or so each. +The name of the entry is in the upper corners of its pages, +together with the section number. +Entries within each section are alphabetized. +The page numbers of each entry start at 1; +it is infeasible to number consecutively the pages of +a document like this that is republished in many variant forms. +.LP +All entries are based on a common format; +not all subsections always appear. +.RS +.LP +The +.I name +subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines +covered under the entry and gives a short description of their purpose. +.LP +The +.IR synopsis "" +summarizes the use of the program being described. +A few conventions are used, particularly in the Commands subsection: +.LP +.RS +.B Boldface +words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear. +.LP +Square brackets [ ] around an argument show that the argument is optional. +When an argument is given as ``name'', it always refers to a file name. +.LP +Ellipses ``.\|.\|.'' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype +may be repeated. +.LP +A final convention is used by the commands themselves. +An argument beginning with a minus sign ``\-'' usually means that it is an +option-specifying argument, even if it appears in a position where +a file name could appear. Therefore, it is unwise to have files whose +names begin with ``\-''. +.LP +.RE +The +.IR description "" +subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand. +.LP +The +.IR files "" +subsection gives the names of files that are built into the program. +.LP +A +.I +see also +.R +subsection gives pointers to related information. +.LP +A +.I diagnostics +subsection discusses the diagnostic indications that may be produced. +Messages that are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed. +.LP +The +.IR bugs "" +subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies. +Occasionally the suggested fix is also described. +.LP +.RE +At the beginning of URM, PRM, and SSM is a List of Manual Pages, +organized by section and alphabetically within each section, and a +Permuted Index derived from that List. +Within each index entry, the title of the writeup to which +it refers is followed by the appropriate section number in parentheses. +This fact is important because there is considerable +name duplication among the sections, arising principally from commands that +exist only to exercise a particular system call. +Finally, there is a list of documents on the inside back cover of each volume. +.if o .bp +\& +.EH '''' +.OH '''' +.bp +.OH '\s10Manual Pages''- % -\s0' +.EH '\s10- % -''Manual Pages\s0' +.EF '\s10\\\\*(Dt''\\\\*(Ed\s0' +.OF '\s10\\\\*(Ed''\\\\*(Dt\s0' +.nr PS 10 +.nr VS 11.5 +.LP +.ce +\s24\fBList \|of \|Manual \|Pages\fP\s0 +.nr x 0.5 +.in +\nxi +.nf +.ta \n(.lu-\nxuR +.de xx +\\$1\f3 \a \fP\\$2 +.. +.de t +.sp 1v +.ne .5i +.cs 3 +.ti -\\nxi +.ss 18 +\fB\\$2. \\$3\fP +.ss 12 +.if t .sp .5v +.cs 3 36 +.ds Ed Section \\$2 +.ds Dt \\$3 +.so \\$1 +.. +.t toc1 1 "Commands and Application Programs" +.t toc2 2 "System Calls" +.t toc3 3 "C Library Subroutines" +.t toc4 4 "Special Files" +.t toc5 5 "File Formats" +.t toc6 6 "Games" +.t toc7 7 "Miscellaneous" +.t toc8 8 "System Maintenance" +.in -\nxi +.cs 3 +.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i +.if o .bp +\& +.EH '''' +.OH '''' +.bp +\& +.OH '\s10Permuted Index''- % -\s0' +.EH '\s10- % -''Permuted Index\s0' +.ds Ed 4.4BSD +.ds Dt April \|1994 +.ce +\s24\fBPermuted \|Index\fP\s0 +.sp 2 +.nr PS 8 +.nr VS 9 +.LP +.\" backup from slotput 1, slot, 2 +.tr ~ +.nf +.cs 3 36 +.de xx +.ds s1\" +.if \w\\$2 .ds s1 ~~\" +.ds s2 ~~~\" +.ds s3\" +.if \w\\$4 .ds s3 ~~\" +.ds s4 ~~\" +.ds s5 ~~\" +.ds y \\*(s4\f3\fP\\*(s5 +.ta 6i-\w\\*(s5u +\h"3i-\w\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2u"\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2\\$3\\*(s3\\$4\\*y\\$5 +.. +.so ptxx +.cs 3 +.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i |