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+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
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+.\"
+.Dd March 7, 2026
+.Dt DMESG 8
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm dmesg
+.Nd display the kernel message buffer
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl ac
+.Op Fl M Ar core Op Fl N Ar system
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Nm
+utility displays the contents of the kernel message buffer.
+If the
+.Fl M
+option is not specified, the buffer is read from the currently running kernel
+via the
+.Xr sysctl 3
+interface.
+Otherwise, the buffer is read from the specified core file,
+using the name list from the specified kernel image (or from
+the default image).
+.Pp
+The options are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Fl a
+Show all data in the message buffer.
+This includes any syslog records and
+.Pa /dev/console
+output.
+.It Fl c
+Clear the kernel buffer after printing.
+.It Fl M
+Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core.
+.It Fl N
+If
+.Fl M
+is also specified,
+extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default,
+which is the kernel image the system has booted from.
+.El
+.Sh SYSCTL VARIABLES
+The following
+.Xr sysctl 8
+variables control how the kernel timestamps entries in the message buffer:
+The default value is shown next to each variable.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Va kern.msgbuf_show_timestamp : No 0
+If set to 0, no timestamps are added.
+If set to 1, then a 1-second granularity timestamp will be added to most lines
+in the message buffer.
+If set to 2, then a microsecond granularity timestamp will be added.
+This may also be set as a boot
+.Xr loader 8
+tunable.
+The timestamps are placed at the start of most lines that the kernel generates.
+Some multi-line messages will have only the first line tagged with a timestamp.
+.El
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /var/run/dmesg.boot" -compact
+.It Pa /var/run/dmesg.boot
+usually a snapshot of the buffer contents
+taken soon after file systems are mounted
+at startup time
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr sysctl 3 ,
+.Xr syslogd 8
+.Sh HISTORY
+The
+.Nm
+utility appeared in
+.Bx 3 .