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+<table class="head">
+ <tr>
+ <td class="head-ltitle">WPI(4)</td>
+ <td class="head-vol">Device Drivers Manual</td>
+ <td class="head-rtitle">WPI(4)</td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+<div class="manual-text">
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">wpi</code> &#x2014; <span class="Nd">Intel
+ PRO/Wireless 3945ABG IEEE 802.11a/b/g network driver</span></p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="permalink" href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">To compile this driver into the kernel, place the following lines
+ in your kernel configuration file:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent"><code class="Cd">device wpi</code>
+<br/>
+<code class="Cd">device wpifw</code>
+<br/>
+<code class="Cd">device pci</code>
+<br/>
+<code class="Cd">device wlan</code>
+<br/>
+<code class="Cd">device wlan_amrr</code>
+<br/>
+<code class="Cd">device firmware</code></div>
+<p class="Pp">Alternatively, to load the driver as a module at boot time, place
+ the following line in <a class="Xr">loader.conf(5)</a>:</p>
+<p class="Pp"></p>
+<div class="Bd
+ Bd-indent"><code class="Li">if_wpi_load=&quot;YES&quot;</code></div>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">wpi</code> driver supports running the Intel
+ PRO/Wireless 3945ABG network adapter in <code class="Cm">station</code>,
+ <code class="Cm">adhoc</code>, <code class="Cm">adhoc-demo</code>,
+ <code class="Cm">hostap</code>, and <code class="Cm">monitor</code> mode
+ operation. This driver requires the wpifw firmware module and can be
+ configured at runtime with <a class="Xr">ifconfig(8)</a> or at boot in
+ <a class="Xr">rc.conf(5)</a>. Only one virtual interface may be configured
+ at any time.</p>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">wpi</code> driver can be configured to use
+ Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA-PSK and
+ WPA2-PSK). WPA is the de facto encryption standard for wireless networks. It
+ is strongly recommended that WEP not be used as the sole mechanism to secure
+ wireless communication, due to serious weaknesses in it. The
+ <code class="Nm">wpi</code> driver offloads both encryption and decryption
+ of data frames to the hardware for the CCMP cipher.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="HARDWARE"><a class="permalink" href="#HARDWARE">HARDWARE</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">wpi</code> driver provides support for the
+ Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG Mini PCIe network adapter.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="FILES"><a class="permalink" href="#FILES">FILES</a></h1>
+<dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
+ <dt><span class="Pa">/usr/share/doc/legal/intel_wpi.LICENSE</span></dt>
+ <dd><code class="Nm">wpi</code> firmware license</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="EXAMPLES"><a class="permalink" href="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">Join an existing BSS network (i.e., connect to an access
+ point):</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev wpi0 inet 192.168.0.20 \
+ netmask 0xffffff00</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">Join a specific BSS network with network name
+ <var class="Ar">my_net</var>:</p>
+<p class="Pp"></p>
+<div class="Bd Bd-indent"><code class="Li">ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev wpi0
+ ssid my_net up</code></div>
+<p class="Pp">Join a specific BSS network with 64-bit WEP encryption:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev wpi0 ssid my_net \
+ wepmode on wepkey 0x1234567890 weptxkey 1 up</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">Create an IBSS network with 128-bit WEP encryption on the channel
+ 4:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev wpi0 wlanmode adhoc ssid my_net \
+ wepmode on wepkey 0x01020304050607080910111213 weptxkey 1 \
+ channel 4</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">Join/create an 802.11b IBSS network with network name
+ <var class="Ar">my_net</var>:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev wpi0 wlanmode adhoc
+ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.22 netmask 0xffffff00 ssid my_net \
+ mode 11b</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">Create an 802.11g host-based access point:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev wpi0 wlanmode hostap
+ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.10 netmask 0xffffff00 ssid my_ap \
+ mode 11g</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="DIAGNOSTICS"><a class="permalink" href="#DIAGNOSTICS">DIAGNOSTICS</a></h1>
+<dl class="Bl-diag">
+ <dt>wpi%d: could not load firmware image '%s'</dt>
+ <dd>The driver failed to load the firmware image using the
+ <a class="Xr">firmware(9)</a> subsystem. Verify the wpifw firmware module
+ is installed.</dd>
+ <dt>wpi%d: %s: timeout waiting for adapter to initialize, error %d</dt>
+ <dd>The onboard microcontroller failed to initialize in time. This should not
+ happen.</dd>
+ <dt>wpi%d: %s: could not load boot firmware</dt>
+ <dd>An attempt to upload the boot firmware image to the onboard
+ microcontroller failed. This should not happen.</dd>
+ <dt>wpi%d: device timeout</dt>
+ <dd>A frame dispatched to the hardware for transmission did not complete in
+ time. The driver will reset the hardware and continue. This should not
+ happen.</dd>
+ <dt>wpi%d: scan timeout</dt>
+ <dd>Firmware scan command response was not received in time. The driver will
+ reset the hardware and continue. This should not happen.</dd>
+ <dt>wpi%d: fatal firmware error</dt>
+ <dd>The onboard microcontroller crashed for some reason. The driver will reset
+ the hardware and continue. This should not happen.</dd>
+ <dt>wpi%d: RF switch: radio disabled</dt>
+ <dd>The hardware switch controlling the radio is currently turned off. Data
+ transmission is not possible in this state.</dd>
+ <dt>wpi%d: can't map mem space</dt>
+ <dd>The driver was unable to map the device registers into the host address
+ space. This should not happen.</dd>
+ <dt>wpi%d: can't map interrupt</dt>
+ <dd>The driver was unable to allocate an IRQ for the device interrupt. This
+ should not happen.</dd>
+ <dt>wpi%d: can't establish interrupt, error %d</dt>
+ <dd>The driver was unable to install the device interrupt handler. This should
+ not happen.</dd>
+ <dt>wpi%d: %s: bus_dmamap_load failed, error %d</dt>
+ <dd>The driver was unable to map newly allocated mbuf to device visible
+ address space. Contents of currently received frame will be lost. This
+ should not happen.</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
+ ALSO</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr">pci(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">wlan(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">wlan_amrr(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">wlan_ccmp(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">wlan_tkip(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">wlan_wep(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">wlan_xauth(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">networking(7)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">hostapd(8)</a>, <a class="Xr">ifconfig(8)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">wpa_supplicant(8)</a></p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="AUTHORS"><a class="permalink" href="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The original <code class="Nm">wpi</code> driver was written for
+ <span class="Ux">OpenBSD</span> by <span class="An">Damien Bergamini</span>
+ &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:damien.bergamini@free.fr">damien.bergamini@free.fr</a>&gt;.
+ <span class="An">Benjamin Close</span>
+ &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:benjsc@FreeBSD.org">benjsc@FreeBSD.org</a>&gt;
+ ported <code class="Nm">wpi</code> to <span class="Ux">FreeBSD</span>.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="CAVEATS"><a class="permalink" href="#CAVEATS">CAVEATS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Cm">Hostap</code> mode is not directly supported by
+ the device; it is implemented through IBSS mode (as a result, DFS/passive
+ channels are not available in this mode).</p>
+<p class="Pp" id="'wpi_d:">Powersave may be unstable on some networks (results
+ in occasional <a class="permalink" href="#'wpi_d:"><b class="Sy">'wpi%d:
+ device timeout'</b></a> <span class="No">messages</span>); you can try to
+ disable it to improve device stability.</p>
+</section>
+</div>
+<table class="foot">
+ <tr>
+ <td class="foot-date">October 17, 2024</td>
+ <td class="foot-os">FreeBSD 15.0</td>
+ </tr>
+</table>