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+<table class="head">
+ <tr>
+ <td class="head-ltitle">RTWN(4)</td>
+ <td class="head-vol">Device Drivers Manual</td>
+ <td class="head-rtitle">RTWN(4)</td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+<div class="manual-text">
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">rtwn</code> &#x2014; <span class="Nd">Realtek
+ IEEE 802.11n/ac wireless network driver</span></p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="permalink" href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><code class="Cd">options RTWN_DEBUG</code>
+ <br/>
+ <code class="Cd">options RTWN_WITHOUT_UCODE</code></p>
+<p class="Pp">To compile this driver into the kernel, place the following lines
+ in your kernel configuration file:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent"><code class="Cd">device rtwn</code>
+<br/>
+<code class="Cd">device rtwnfw</code>
+<br/>
+<code class="Cd">device rtwn_usb</code>
+<br/>
+<code class="Cd">device rtwn_pci</code>
+<br/>
+<code class="Cd">device wlan</code>
+<br/>
+<code class="Cd">device firmware</code></div>
+<p class="Pp">Alternatively, to load the driver as a module at boot time, place
+ following lines in <a class="Xr">loader.conf(5)</a>:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>if_rtwn_pci_load=&quot;YES&quot;
+if_rtwn_usb_load=&quot;YES&quot;</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">rtwn</code> driver provides support for
+ 802.11n/ac wireless network PHYs supplied by <a class="Xr">rtwn_pci(4)</a>
+ and <a class="Xr">rtwn_usb(4)</a>.</p>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">rtwn</code> driver supports
+ <code class="Cm">station</code>, <code class="Cm">adhoc</code>,
+ <code class="Cm">hostap</code> and <code class="Cm">monitor</code> mode
+ operation. There are no limitations for number of
+ <code class="Cm">monitor</code> mode virtual interfaces; in addition to any
+ other virtual interface one <code class="Cm">station</code> interface can be
+ added (Note: RTL8821AU supports two non-monitor mode interfaces at the same
+ time).</p>
+<p class="Pp">All chips have hardware support for WEP, AES-CCM and TKIP
+ encryption.</p>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">rtwn</code> driver can be configured at
+ runtime with <a class="Xr">ifconfig(8)</a>.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="HARDWARE"><a class="permalink" href="#HARDWARE">HARDWARE</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">rtwn</code> driver supports USB and PCI
+ devices with the following chipsets:</p>
+<p class="Pp"></p>
+<ul class="Bl-bullet Bd-indent Bl-compact">
+ <li>Realtek 802.11n wireless 8188e (RTL8188E)</li>
+ <li>Realtek 802.11n wireless 8192c (RTL8192C)</li>
+ <li>Realtek 802.11n wireless 8192e (RTL8192E)</li>
+ <li>Realtek 802.11ac wireless 8812a (RTL8812A)</li>
+ <li>Realtek 802.11ac wireless 8821a (RTL8821A)</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="Pp">For specific devices, see <a class="Xr">rtwn_pci(4)</a> and
+ <a class="Xr">rtwn_usb(4)</a>.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="FILES"><a class="permalink" href="#FILES">FILES</a></h1>
+<dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
+ <dt><span class="Pa">/usr/share/doc/legal/realtek.LICENSE</span></dt>
+ <dd><code class="Nm">rtwn</code> firmware license</dd>
+</dl>
+<p class="Pp">The driver (if not compiled with <code class="Cd">options
+ RTWN_WITHOUT_UCODE</code>) may use following firmware files, which are
+ loaded when an interface is brought up:</p>
+<p class="Pp"></p>
+<div class="Bd-indent">
+<dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
+ <dt><span class="Pa">/boot/kernel/rtwn-rtl8188eefw.ko</span></dt>
+ <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
+ <dt><span class="Pa">/boot/kernel/rtwn-rtl8188eufw.ko</span></dt>
+ <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
+ <dt><span class="Pa">/boot/kernel/rtwn-rtl8192cfwE_B.ko</span></dt>
+ <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
+ <dt><span class="Pa">/boot/kernel/rtwn-rtl8192cfwE.ko</span></dt>
+ <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
+ <dt><span class="Pa">/boot/kernel/rtwn-rtl8192cfwT.ko</span></dt>
+ <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
+ <dt><span class="Pa">/boot/kernel/rtwn-rtl8192cfwU.ko</span></dt>
+ <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
+ <dt><span class="Pa">/boot/kernel/rtwn-rtl8192eufw.ko</span></dt>
+ <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
+ <dt><span class="Pa">/boot/kernel/rtwn-rtl8812aufw.ko</span></dt>
+ <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
+ <dt><span class="Pa">/boot/kernel/rtwn-rtl8821aufw.ko</span></dt>
+ <dd style="width: auto;">&#x00A0;</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="EXAMPLES"><a class="permalink" href="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">Join an existing BSS network (i.e., connect to an access
+ point):</p>
+<p class="Pp"></p>
+<div class="Bd Bd-indent"><code class="Li">ifconfig wlan create wlandev rtwn0
+ inet 192.0.2.20/24</code></div>
+<p class="Pp">Join a specific BSS network with network name
+ <var class="Ar">my_net</var>:</p>
+<p class="Pp"></p>
+<div class="Bd Bd-indent"><code class="Li">ifconfig wlan create wlandev rtwn0
+ ssid my_net up</code></div>
+<p class="Pp">Join a specific BSS network with 64-bit WEP encryption:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>ifconfig wlan create wlandev rtwn0 ssid my_net \
+ wepmode on wepkey 0x1234567890 weptxkey 1 up</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">Create an IBSS network with 128-bit WEP encryption on the channel
+ 4:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>ifconfig wlan create wlandev rtwn0 wlanmode adhoc ssid my_net \
+ wepmode on wepkey 0x01020304050607080910111213 weptxkey 1 \
+ channel 4</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">Join/create an 802.11b IBSS network with network name
+ <var class="Ar">my_net</var>:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev rtwn0 wlanmode adhoc
+ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.0.2.20/24 ssid my_net mode 11b</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="Pp">Create a host-based access point:</p>
+<div class="Bd Pp Bd-indent Li">
+<pre>ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev rtwn0 wlanmode hostap
+ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.0.2.20/24 ssid my_ap</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="LOADER_TUNABLES"><a class="permalink" href="#LOADER_TUNABLES">LOADER
+ TUNABLES</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">Tunables can be set at the <a class="Xr">loader(8)</a> prompt
+ before booting the kernel or stored in <a class="Xr">loader.conf(5)</a>.</p>
+<dl class="Bl-tag">
+ <dt id="dev.rtwn._d.hwcrypto"><var class="Va">dev.rtwn.%d.hwcrypto</var></dt>
+ <dd>This tunable controls how key slots are assigned:
+ <p class="Pp">0 - disable h/w crypto support. Features that require access
+ to frame contents (e.g., TCP/UDP/IP Rx checksum validation) will not
+ work;</p>
+ <p class="Pp">1 - use h/w crypto support for pairwise keys only;</p>
+ <p class="Pp">2 - use h/w crypto support for all keys; may not work for
+ multi-vap configurations.</p>
+ <p class="Pp">By default it is set to 1.</p>
+ </dd>
+ <dt id="dev.rtwn._d.ratectl"><var class="Va">dev.rtwn.%d.ratectl</var></dt>
+ <dd>This tunable switches between rate control implementations:
+ <p class="Pp">0 - no rate control;</p>
+ <p class="Pp">1 - driver sends 'tx complete' reports to net80211; algorithm
+ is controlled via net80211;</p>
+ <p class="Pp">2 - firmware-based rate control.</p>
+ <p class="Pp">By default it is set to 1; however driver may choose another
+ algorithm in case if it is not implemented</p>
+ <p class="Pp">Currently selected algorithm is reported via
+ <var class="Va">dev.rtwn.%d.ratectl_selected</var> read-only OID.</p>
+ </dd>
+ <dt id="dev.rtwn._d.rx_buf_size"><var class="Va">dev.rtwn.%d.rx_buf_size</var></dt>
+ <dd>(USB only) Controls size of temporary Rx buffer; smaller buffer size may
+ increase number of interrupts.</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="DIAGNOSTICS"><a class="permalink" href="#DIAGNOSTICS">DIAGNOSTICS</a></h1>
+<dl class="Bl-diag">
+ <dt>rtwn%d: could not read efuse byte at address 0x%x</dt>
+ <dd></dd>
+ <dt>rtwn%d: %s: cannot read rom, error %d</dt>
+ <dd>There was an error while reading ROM; device attach will be aborted. This
+ should not happen.</dd>
+ <dt>rtwn%d: failed loadfirmware of file %s</dt>
+ <dd>For some reason, the driver was unable to read the microcode file from the
+ filesystem. The file might be missing or corrupted. The driver will
+ disable firmware-dependent features.</dd>
+ <dt>rtwn%d: wrong firmware size (%zu)</dt>
+ <dd></dd>
+ <dt>rtwn%d: %s: failed to upload firmware %s (error %d)</dt>
+ <dd></dd>
+ <dt>rtwn%d: timeout waiting for firmware readiness</dt>
+ <dd>Firmware upload failed; the file might be corrupted. The driver will
+ disable firmware-dependent features. This should not happen.</dd>
+ <dt>rtwn%d: device timeout</dt>
+ <dd>A frame dispatched to the hardware for transmission did not complete in
+ time. The driver will reset the hardware. This should not happen.</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
+ ALSO</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr">intro(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">netintro(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">rtwn_pci(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">rtwn_usb(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">rtwnfw(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">wlan(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">wlan_amrr(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">wlan_ccmp(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">wlan_tkip(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">wlan_wep(4)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">wlan_xauth(4)</a>, <a class="Xr">networking(7)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">hostapd(8)</a>, <a class="Xr">ifconfig(8)</a>,
+ <a class="Xr">wpa_supplicant(8)</a></p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="permalink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Cm">urtwn</code> driver first appeared in
+ <span class="Ux">OpenBSD 4.9</span> and <span class="Ux">FreeBSD
+ 10.0</span>; the <code class="Nm">rtwn</code> driver first appeared in
+ <span class="Ux">OpenBSD 5.8</span> and <span class="Ux">FreeBSD
+ 11.0</span>.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="AUTHORS"><a class="permalink" href="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">rtwn</code> driver was initially written by
+ <span class="An">Stefan Sperling</span>
+ &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:stsp@openbsd.org">stsp@openbsd.org</a>&gt;
+ and ported by <span class="An">Kevin Lo</span>
+ &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:kevlo@freebsd.org">kevlo@freebsd.org</a>&gt;.
+ It was based on the <code class="Cm">urtwn</code> driver written by
+ <span class="An">Damien Bergamini</span>
+ &lt;<a class="Mt" href="mailto:damien.bergamini@free.fr">damien.bergamini@free.fr</a>&gt;.</p>
+</section>
+<section class="Sh">
+<h1 class="Sh" id="BUGS"><a class="permalink" href="#BUGS">BUGS</a></h1>
+<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">rtwn</code> driver currently does not
+ implement firmware-based rate control.</p>
+</section>
+</div>
+<table class="foot">
+ <tr>
+ <td class="foot-date">November 10, 2024</td>
+ <td class="foot-os">FreeBSD 15.0</td>
+ </tr>
+</table>